ADEPT YOURSELF
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CBSE CLASS X – SOCIAL SCIENCE (CODE NO. 087)
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER – SET 1 | ACADEMIC SESSION 2026–2027
General Instructions:
- The question paper comprises SIX sections: A, B, C, D, E and F. There are 37 questions in total.
- All questions are compulsory.
- Section A: Questions 1 to 20 are Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) of 1 mark each.
- Section B: Questions 21 to 24 are Very Short Answer (VSA) Type Questions of 2 marks each. The answer to each question should not exceed 40 words.
- Section C: Questions 25 to 29 are Short Answer (SA) Type Questions of 3 marks each. The answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
- Section D: Questions 30 to 33 are Long Answer (LA) Type Questions of 5 marks each. The answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
- Section E: Questions 34 to 36 are Case-Based Integrated Units of Assessment of 4 marks each with sub-questions (1, 1 and 2 marks).
- Section F: Question 37 is Map-based, carrying 5 marks with two parts—37a from History (2 marks) and 37b from Geography (3 marks).
SECTION A – MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (20 Marks)
Q1.
Which of the following treaties recognized Greece as an independent nation?
[1]
Q2.
Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922?
[1]
Q3.
Identify the appropriate crop with the help of the following clues:
• It is a Kharif crop which requires high temperature (above 25°C) and high humidity.
• It requires annual rainfall above 100 cm.
• It is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India. [1]
• It is a Kharif crop which requires high temperature (above 25°C) and high humidity.
• It requires annual rainfall above 100 cm.
• It is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India. [1]
Q4.
Which of the following administrative arrangements was introduced in Belgium to accommodate linguistic diversity?
[1]
Q5.
Consider the following statements regarding the ‘Human Development Index’ (HDI) and choose the correct option:
I. It is published annually by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
II. It assesses countries based on per capita income, educational attainment, and life expectancy.
III. It ranks countries solely based on their Gross Domestic Product (GDP). [1]
I. It is published annually by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
II. It assesses countries based on per capita income, educational attainment, and life expectancy.
III. It ranks countries solely based on their Gross Domestic Product (GDP). [1]
Q6.
Which of the following sectors is the largest employer in India as of current economic surveys?
[1]
Q7.
Match Column I with Column II and select the correct option:
[1]
| Column I (Mineral / Resource) | Column II (Associated State / Location) |
|---|---|
| A. Khetri Copper Mines | 1. Odisha |
| B. Bailadila Iron Ore Deposit | 2. Rajasthan |
| C. Koraput Bauxite Belt | 3. Chhattisgarh |
| D. Kudremukh Iron Ore Mines | 4. Karnataka |
Q8.
Which of the following is an example of a subject included in the ‘Concurrent List’ under the Indian Constitution?
[1]
Q9.
Look at the following information and determine the per capita income of Country X:
• Total Population = 5,000 citizens
• Total National Income = ₹2,50,00,000 [1]
• Total Population = 5,000 citizens
• Total National Income = ₹2,50,00,000 [1]
Q10.
Which one of the following agencies is responsible for issuing currency notes in India on behalf of the Central Government?
[1]
Q11.
What was the primary objective of the Simon Commission sent to India by the British government in 1928?
[1]
Q12.
Which type of soil develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall, resulting from intense leaching?
[1]
Q13.
Which of the following political parties was founded under the leadership of Kanshi Ram in 1984?
[1]
Q14.
An arrangement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods, or services in return for the promise of future payment is known as:
[1]
Q15.
Which of the following statements about MNCs (Multinational Corporations) is NOT correct?
[1]
Q16.
Democracy is considered a better form of government because it:
[1]
Q17.
Identify the correct chronological sequence of the following historical events:
I. Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movement launched
II. Poona Pact signed between Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi
III. Rowlatt Act passed
IV. Dandi March and Civil Disobedience Movement initiated [1]
I. Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movement launched
II. Poona Pact signed between Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi
III. Rowlatt Act passed
IV. Dandi March and Civil Disobedience Movement initiated [1]
Q18.
Which of the following is a non-metallic mineral?
[1]
Q19.
Assertion (A): Modern currency is accepted as a medium of exchange without having any intrinsic value of its own like gold or silver.
Reason (R): It is authorized and guaranteed by the legal authority of the central government of the country. [1]
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
Reason (R): It is authorized and guaranteed by the legal authority of the central government of the country. [1]
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
Q20.
Assertion (A): In a federal system, the state governments are not answerable to the central government for their autonomous constitutional powers.
Reason (R): Power is divided between the central authority and constituent units, and both derive their authority directly from the Constitution. [1]
Reason (R): Power is divided between the central authority and constituent units, and both derive their authority directly from the Constitution. [1]
SECTION B – VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (8 Marks)
Q21.
Mention any two features of the ‘Civil Code of 1804’ (Napoleonic Code) introduced in France and regions under French control.
[2]
Q22.
Differentiate between Commercial Farming and Primitive Subsistence Agriculture on the basis of landholding size and technological inputs.
[2]
Q23.
State any two measures taken by the constitutional amendment of 1992 to make local self-government in India more powerful and effective.
[2]
OR
Explain the term ‘Majoritarianism’ in the context of post-independence Sri Lanka.
Q24.
Why are the formal sources of credit considered better than informal sources for rural borrowers? State two reasons.
[2]
SECTION C – SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (15 Marks)
Q25.
How did the First World War create a new economic and political situation in India that fueled the national movement?
[3]
Q26.
“Energy saved is energy produced.” Justify the statement by suggesting three practical measures for conserving energy resources in daily life.
[3]
OR
Describe the distribution of the three major cropping seasons in India: Rabi, Kharif, and Zaid.
Q27.
Examine any three major functions performed by political parties in a modern representative democracy.
[3]
Q28.
“Tertiary sector activities are different from the primary and secondary sectors.” Explain this statement with suitable examples.
[3]
Q29.
How does foreign trade lead to the integration of markets across different countries? Explain with an example.
[3]
SECTION D – LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (20 Marks)
Q30.
Describe the process of the unification of Germany led by Prussia under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck.
[5]
OR
Analyze the factors that contributed to the rise of print culture in Europe and explain how it transformed European society and thought.
Q31.
“Multi-purpose river valley projects and large dams have come under severe scrutiny and opposition in recent years.” Discuss the environmental, social, and economic objections raised against large dams.
[5]
OR
Explain the factors that determine the geographical location of manufacturing industries in India, with particular reference to the textile or iron and steel industry.
Q32.
“Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual.” Elaborate on this statement with suitable arguments.
[5]
OR
Explain how social divisions can be accommodated in a democratic system, citing the examples of Belgium and India.
Q33.
What are Self-Help Groups (SHGs)? Explain the functioning, structure, and significance of SHGs for the rural poor, especially women.
[5]
OR
“Globalization and greater competition among producers have been advantageous to consumers as well as well-established producers, but not to small manufacturers and workers.” Critically examine this statement.SECTION E – CASE-BASED INTEGRATED UNITS (12 Marks)
Q34. Read the given source below and answer the questions that follow:
[4 Marks](a) Why were the tribal people of the Gudem Hills enraged against the British colonial administration? [1]
(b) How did Alluri Sitaram Raju inspire the forest inhabitants to join the rebellion? [1]
(c) In what way did Raju’s methods of struggle differ from the non-violent principles advocated by Mahatma Gandhi? [2]
The movement in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh was not a non-violent struggle. Here, in the early 1920s, a militant guerrilla movement spread—not a form of struggle that the Congress could approve. As in other forest regions, the colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuelwood and fruits. This enraged the hill people. Not only were their livelihoods affected, but they felt that their traditional rights were being denied. When the government began forcing them to contribute begar for road building, the hill people revolted. The person who came to lead them was Alluri Sitaram Raju. Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers: he could make correct astrological predictions and heal people, and he could survive even bullet shots. Captivated by Raju, the rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God.
(b) How did Alluri Sitaram Raju inspire the forest inhabitants to join the rebellion? [1]
(c) In what way did Raju’s methods of struggle differ from the non-violent principles advocated by Mahatma Gandhi? [2]
OR
What was the ultimate outcome of the Gudem Hills rebellion and what happened to Alluri Sitaram Raju in 1924? [2]
Q35. Read the given source below and answer the questions that follow:
[4 Marks](a) Why is balanced resource planning essential for a country like India? [1]
(b) Mention one resource in which the state of Rajasthan is well endowed and one in which it is deficient. [1]
(c) Explain the three inter-linked stages involved in the complex process of resource planning in India. [2]
Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources. It has importance in a country like India, which has enormous diversity in the availability of resources. There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other resources. There are some regions which can be considered self-sufficient in terms of the availability of resources and there are some regions which have acute shortages of some vital resources. For example, the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits. Arunachal Pradesh has an abundance of water resources but lacks infrastructural development. The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks water resources. The cold desert of Ladakh is relatively isolated from the rest of the country. It has a very rich cultural heritage but it is deficient in water, infrastructure and some vital minerals. This calls for balanced resource planning at the national, state, regional and local levels.
(b) Mention one resource in which the state of Rajasthan is well endowed and one in which it is deficient. [1]
(c) Explain the three inter-linked stages involved in the complex process of resource planning in India. [2]
OR
Describe the unique physical characteristics and resource status of the cold desert of Ladakh. [2]
Q36. Read the given source below and answer the questions that follow:
[4 Marks](a) What is meant by the horizontal distribution of power? [1]
(b) How does the system of ‘checks and balances’ operate among the three organs of government? [1]
(c) Differentiate between the horizontal distribution of power and the vertical (federal) division of power with examples. [2]
Power sharing arrangements can take many forms in modern democracies. In a democracy, political power should be distributed among as many citizens as possible. One basic principle of democracy is that people are the source of all political power. In a democracy, people rule themselves through institutions of self-government. In a good democratic government, due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in a society. Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies. Therefore, it follows that in a democracy political power should be distributed among as many citizens as possible. Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. This is horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others. This results in a balance of power among various institutions.
(b) How does the system of ‘checks and balances’ operate among the three organs of government? [1]
(c) Differentiate between the horizontal distribution of power and the vertical (federal) division of power with examples. [2]
OR
Explain how power can be shared among different social groups, citing the example of ‘Community Government’ in Belgium. [2]SECTION F – MAP SKILL-BASED QUESTION (5 Marks)
Q37.
(a) History Map Item (2 Marks):
Two places $A$ and $B$ have been marked on the given outline political map of India. Identify them and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them:
• $A$: The place where the Indian National Congress session was held in December 1920.
• $B$: The place where Mahatma Gandhi broke the Salt Law, launching the Civil Disobedience Movement. [2]
(b) Geography Map Item (3 Marks):
On the same outline political map of India, locate and label ANY THREE of the following with appropriate symbols:
(i) Salal Dam – Jammu & Kashmir
(ii) Tarapur Nuclear Power Plant – Maharashtra
(iii) Bhilai Iron and Steel Plant – Chhattisgarh
(iv) Tuticorin Major Sea Port – Tamil Nadu [3]
(a) History Map Item (2 Marks):
Two places $A$ and $B$ have been marked on the given outline political map of India. Identify them and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them:
• $A$: The place where the Indian National Congress session was held in December 1920.
• $B$: The place where Mahatma Gandhi broke the Salt Law, launching the Civil Disobedience Movement. [2]
(b) Geography Map Item (3 Marks):
On the same outline political map of India, locate and label ANY THREE of the following with appropriate symbols:
(i) Salal Dam – Jammu & Kashmir
(ii) Tarapur Nuclear Power Plant – Maharashtra
(iii) Bhilai Iron and Steel Plant – Chhattisgarh
(iv) Tuticorin Major Sea Port – Tamil Nadu [3]
CBSE CLASS X SOCIAL SCIENCE (CODE NO. 087) – SOLUTIONS & MARKING SCHEME (SET – 1)
SECTION A SOLUTIONS
Q1. (b) Treaty of Constantinople (1832) [1 Mark]
Explanation: The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent sovereign nation after the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire.
Explanation: The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent sovereign nation after the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire.
Q2. (b) Due to the violent incident at Chauri Chaura [1 Mark]
Explanation: In February 1922, at Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur (U.P.), a peaceful demonstration turned violent, and a police station was set on fire, killing 22 policemen. Gandhi felt the movement was turning violent and called it off.
Explanation: In February 1922, at Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur (U.P.), a peaceful demonstration turned violent, and a police station was set on fire, killing 22 policemen. Gandhi felt the movement was turning violent and called it off.
Q3. (b) Rice [1 Mark]
Explanation: Rice is the staple food of a majority of Indians, requiring temperatures above 25°C, high humidity, and annual rainfall above 100 cm.
Explanation: Rice is the staple food of a majority of Indians, requiring temperatures above 25°C, high humidity, and annual rainfall above 100 cm.
Q4. (b) Equal representation of Dutch and French-speaking ministers in the central government [1 Mark]
Explanation: The Belgian model ensured that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers was equal in the central government to prevent unilateral decisions.
Explanation: The Belgian model ensured that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers was equal in the central government to prevent unilateral decisions.
Q5. (a) I and II only [1 Mark]
Explanation: HDI is published by UNDP using life expectancy (health), literacy rate/gross enrollment (education), and per capita income (standard of living). It does not rank based on GDP alone.
Explanation: HDI is published by UNDP using life expectancy (health), literacy rate/gross enrollment (education), and per capita income (standard of living). It does not rank based on GDP alone.
Q6. (a) Primary Sector [1 Mark]
Explanation: The primary sector (agriculture and allied activities) continues to employ nearly 44–45% of India’s workforce, making it the largest employer.
Explanation: The primary sector (agriculture and allied activities) continues to employ nearly 44–45% of India’s workforce, making it the largest employer.
Q7. (a) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4 [1 Mark]
Explanation: Khetri (Rajasthan – Copper), Bailadila (Chhattisgarh – Iron ore), Koraput (Odisha – Bauxite), Kudremukh (Karnataka – Iron ore).
Explanation: Khetri (Rajasthan – Copper), Bailadila (Chhattisgarh – Iron ore), Koraput (Odisha – Bauxite), Kudremukh (Karnataka – Iron ore).
Q8. (c) Education [1 Mark]
Explanation: Education, forests, trade unions, marriage, and adoption fall under the Concurrent List, where both Union and State governments can make laws.
Explanation: Education, forests, trade unions, marriage, and adoption fall under the Concurrent List, where both Union and State governments can make laws.
Q9. (a) ₹5,000 [1 Mark]
Explanation: $\text{Per Capita Income} = \frac{\text{Total National Income}}{\text{Total Population}} = \frac{2,50,00,000}{5,000} = ₹5,000$.
Explanation: $\text{Per Capita Income} = \frac{\text{Total National Income}}{\text{Total Population}} = \frac{2,50,00,000}{5,000} = ₹5,000$.
Q10. (b) Reserve Bank of India [1 Mark]
Explanation: In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.
Explanation: In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.
Q11. (b) To review the functioning of the constitutional system and suggest reforms [1 Mark]
Explanation: The statutory Simon Commission was set up under Sir John Simon to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. It was boycotted because it did not have a single Indian member.
Explanation: The statutory Simon Commission was set up under Sir John Simon to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. It was boycotted because it did not have a single Indian member.
Q12. (c) Laterite Soil [1 Mark]
Explanation: Laterite soil develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall as a result of intense leaching caused by tropical rains.
Explanation: Laterite soil develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall as a result of intense leaching caused by tropical rains.
Q13. (a) Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) [1 Mark]
Explanation: The BSP was formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram to represent and secure power for the bahujan samaj (Dalits, Adivasis, OBCs, and religious minorities).
Explanation: The BSP was formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram to represent and secure power for the bahujan samaj (Dalits, Adivasis, OBCs, and religious minorities).
Q14. (b) Credit [1 Mark]
Explanation: Credit (loan) refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies money, goods, or services with the promise of future repayment along with interest.
Explanation: Credit (loan) refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies money, goods, or services with the promise of future repayment along with interest.
Q15. (c) They sell their finished goods globally but produce goods exclusively in their home country. [1 Mark]
Explanation: MNCs disperse their production across multiple countries to lower production costs and access global markets, rather than producing exclusively at home.
Explanation: MNCs disperse their production across multiple countries to lower production costs and access global markets, rather than producing exclusively at home.
Q16. (a) Promotes equality among citizens and enhances individual dignity [1 Mark]
Explanation: Democracies provide legal equality, protect fundamental freedoms, allow room to correct mistakes, and enhance the dignity of the individual.
Explanation: Democracies provide legal equality, protect fundamental freedoms, allow room to correct mistakes, and enhance the dignity of the individual.
Q17. (a) III → I → IV → II [1 Mark]
Explanation: Rowlatt Act (March 1919) → Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-21) → Dandi March (March 1930) → Poona Pact (September 1932).
Explanation: Rowlatt Act (March 1919) → Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-21) → Dandi March (March 1930) → Poona Pact (September 1932).
Q18. (b) Mica [1 Mark]
Explanation: Mica is a non-metallic mineral made of a series of plates or leaves; bauxite, copper, and manganese are metallic minerals.
Explanation: Mica is a non-metallic mineral made of a series of plates or leaves; bauxite, copper, and manganese are metallic minerals.
Q19. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of (A). [1 Mark]
Explanation: Paper currency has no intrinsic value, but it is universally accepted as a medium of exchange because it is backed by legal sovereign authorization.
Explanation: Paper currency has no intrinsic value, but it is universally accepted as a medium of exchange because it is backed by legal sovereign authorization.
Q20. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of (A). [1 Mark]
Explanation: In a true federation, state governments are autonomous within their constitutionally designated jurisdiction and derive power directly from the Constitution.
Explanation: In a true federation, state governments are autonomous within their constitutionally designated jurisdiction and derive power directly from the Constitution.
SECTION B SOLUTIONS
Q21. Features of the Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code): [2 Marks]
- It abolished all privileges based on birth and established equality before the law. [1 Mark]
- It secured the right to property, abolished the feudal system, and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. [1 Mark]
Q22. Commercial vs. Primitive Subsistence Farming: [2 Marks]
- Commercial Farming: Practiced on large landholdings using modern inputs such as High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides, and heavy machinery for profit. [1 Mark]
- Primitive Subsistence Farming: Practiced on small patches of land using primitive tools (hoe, dao, digging sticks) and family/community labour, depending entirely on monsoon and natural soil fertility. [1 Mark]
Q23. Measures of the 1992 Decentralization Amendment: [2 Marks]
Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka: A belief that the majority community (Sinhalese, 74%) should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and rights of the minority (Sri Lankan Tamils, 18%). In 1956, an Act made Sinhala the sole official language and preferred Sinhalese applicants for university positions and government jobs. [2 Marks]
- It made it constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies. [1 Mark]
- At least one-third (33%) of all positions and seats were reserved for women, and an independent State Election Commission was created in each state. [1 Mark]
Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka: A belief that the majority community (Sinhalese, 74%) should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and rights of the minority (Sri Lankan Tamils, 18%). In 1956, an Act made Sinhala the sole official language and preferred Sinhalese applicants for university positions and government jobs. [2 Marks]
Q24. Why Formal Credit is Better than Informal Credit: [2 Marks]
- Formal lenders (banks, cooperatives) charge significantly lower and regulated rates of interest, preventing borrowers from falling into debt traps. [1 Mark]
- Formal credit is monitored by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) under transparent, fair legal rules without exploitative debt terms. [1 Mark]
SECTION C SOLUTIONS
Q25. Economic and Political Impact of WWI on India: [3 Marks]
- War Expenditure & Inflation: The war led to a huge increase in British defense expenditure financed by war loans and increasing taxes (customs duties raised, income tax introduced). Prices doubled between 1913 and 1918, causing extreme hardship. [1 Mark]
- Forced Recruitment: Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger against colonial rule. [1 Mark]
- Crop Failure & Famine: In 1918–19 and 1920–21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food, accompanied by an influenza epidemic that killed 12 to 13 million people, creating ground for mass national mobilization. [1 Mark]
Q26. Practical Measures for Energy Conservation: [3 Marks]
Three Major Cropping Seasons of India: [3 Marks]
- Using public transport systems, carpooling, or bicycles instead of individual private vehicles. [1 Mark]
- Switching off electricity, lights, and fans when not in use and adopting energy-efficient appliances (LED bulbs, 5-star rated equipment). [1 Mark]
- Increasing the adoption of non-conventional and renewable energy sources like rooftop solar panels and solar water heaters. [1 Mark]
Three Major Cropping Seasons of India: [3 Marks]
- Rabi: Sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June. Major crops: Wheat, barley, peas, gram, mustard. [1 Mark]
- Kharif: Sown with the onset of monsoon in June–July and harvested in September–October. Major crops: Paddy (rice), maize, jowar, bajra, cotton, jute. [1 Mark]
- Zaid: A short season during the summer months between the Rabi and Kharif seasons (March to June). Major crops: Watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables, and fodder crops. [1 Mark]
Q27. Major Functions of Political Parties: [3 Marks]
- Contesting Elections: Parties nominate candidates to contest elections and compete for political power. [1 Mark]
- Formulating Policies & Programmes: Parties put forward different policies and programmes, and voters choose from them, reducing complex opinions into broad directions. [1 Mark]
- Forming and Running Government / Role of Opposition: The party winning the majority forms and runs the government; losing parties act as the opposition, voicing different views and holding the government accountable. [1 Mark]
Q28. Tertiary Sector Distinction: [3 Marks]
- The primary sector produces goods by exploiting natural resources (e.g., agriculture, mining), and the secondary sector transforms natural products into manufactured goods (e.g., textile mills, sugar factories). [1 Mark]
- Unlike primary and secondary sectors, the tertiary sector does not produce physical goods on its own; instead, it generates services that aid and support the production process. [1 Mark]
- Examples include transport, communication, banking, storage, healthcare, insurance, and trade. [1 Mark]
Q29. Integration of Markets Through Foreign Trade: [3 Marks]
- Foreign trade creates opportunities for producers to reach beyond domestic markets and compete in international markets globally. [1 Mark]
- For buyers, import of goods expands the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced, and prices of similar goods in two markets tend to become equal. [1 Mark]
- Example: The import of Chinese toys into Indian markets offered buyers cheaper prices and newer designs. Within a year, Chinese toys replaced Indian plastic toys in 70–80% of shops, integrating toy markets of China and India. [1 Mark]
SECTION D SOLUTIONS
Q30. Unification of Germany (1866–1871): [5 Marks]
Rise of Print Culture in Europe: [5 Marks]
- Background: In 1848, middle-class Germans tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament (Frankfurt Parliament), but this initiative was repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and military, supported by the large landowners of Prussia (Junkers). [1.5 Marks]
- Prussian Leadership: Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process, operating with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. [1.5 Marks]
- Three Wars Over Seven Years: Prussia fought three wars over seven years—with Austria, Denmark, and France—ending in Prussian victory and completing the process of unification. [1 Mark]
- Proclamation of the German Empire: In January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles, the Prussian King, Kaiser William I, was proclaimed German Emperor. The new state emphasized modernizing the currency, banking, legal, and judicial systems in Germany. [1 Mark]
Rise of Print Culture in Europe: [5 Marks]
- Technological Innovation: Johann Gutenberg developed the first printing press in Strasbourg, Germany, in the 1430s. The Bible was the first major book printed. Print technology spread across Europe rapidly. [1.5 Marks]
- Reading Mania & Cheap Books: Print reduced the cost of books, multiple copies could be produced with ease, and books flooded the market, reaching a growing reading public and creating a culture of reading. [1 Mark]
- Religious Debates & Protestant Reformation: In 1517, Martin Luther wrote the Ninety-Five Theses criticizing the Roman Catholic Church. His translated New Testament sold 5,000 copies in days, launching the Protestant Reformation. [1.5 Marks]
- Spread of Enlightenment Ideas: Writings of thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau were widely printed, popularizing critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and questioning customary authority, which helped shape modern democratic revolutions. [1 Mark]
Q31. Objections Against Multi-Purpose River Valley Projects: [5 Marks]
Factors Determining Industrial Location in India: [5 Marks]
- Disruption of River Flow & Aquatic Ecosystems: Regulating and damming rivers affects their natural flow, causing excessive sedimentation at the reservoir bottom, resulting in rockier stream beds and poorer habitats for aquatic life. [1 Mark]
- Submergence of Land & Deforestation: Reservoirs submerge vast tracts of surrounding agricultural land, natural forests, and native vegetation, leading to soil and ecological degradation over time. [1 Mark]
- Large-scale Displacement of Local Communities: Building large dams displaces indigenous people and local farming communities, depriving them of their ancestral land, livelihoods, and access to resources (e.g., Narmada Bachao Andolan). [1 Mark]
- Inter-State Water Disputes: Dams lead to disputes between states regarding the sharing of water and financial costs (e.g., Cauvery water dispute, Krishna-Godavari dispute). [1 Mark]
- Induced Seismicity & Flood Risks: Excessive water pressure in massive reservoirs has been linked to induced earthquakes, water-borne diseases, and flash floods caused by sudden water release during torrential rains. [1 Mark]
Factors Determining Industrial Location in India: [5 Marks]
- Availability of Raw Materials: Heavy industries locate near raw material sources to minimize transport costs (e.g., Iron and Steel plants in the Chota Nagpur Plateau near iron ore, coking coal, and limestone). [1.5 Marks]
- Power Supply & Energy: Regular, cheap, and uninterrupted power is essential for running industrial machinery (thermal, hydel, or nuclear power access). [1 Mark]
- Labour Supply: Availability of both cheap unskilled labour and skilled technical workforce is critical (e.g., cotton textile mills in Maharashtra and Gujarat). [1 Mark]
- Proximity to Markets & Transport Network: Well-connected rail, road, and port networks allow quick transport of raw materials and finished goods to consuming domestic and export markets. [1 Mark]
- Government Policies & Financial Capital: Favorable government incentives, tax holidays, industrial zones, and access to banking and credit facilities influence industrial location. [0.5 Mark]
Q32. Democracy and Individual Dignity and Freedom: [5 Marks]
Accommodation of Social Divisions in Democracy: [5 Marks]
- Recognition of Equal Status: Democracy is founded on the principle of political equality—recognizing that every adult citizen has one vote and each vote has equal value, removing legal distinctions based on birth or caste. [1.5 Marks]
- Dignity of Women: Long struggles by women have created sensitivity that respect and equal treatment are necessary ingredients of a democratic society. Discrimination and violence against women are legally and morally unacceptable in democracies. [1.5 Marks]
- Empowerment of Marginalized Groups: Democracies have provided legal and constitutional provisions (e.g., fundamental rights, reservations) for disadvantaged and discriminated castes to claim equal status and equal opportunities. [1 Mark]
- Right to Dissent & Question Power: Most individuals in democracies believe their vote makes a difference in governance. Citizens have the right to express dissatisfaction, protest peacefully, and hold public officials accountable. [1 Mark]
Accommodation of Social Divisions in Democracy: [5 Marks]
- Power Sharing Mechanism: Democracy accommodates social diversities by sharing political power among different linguistic, ethnic, and religious groups rather than suppressing minorities. [1.5 Marks]
- Belgian Model: Belgium recognized cultural diversities. The constitution mandated equal Dutch and French-speaking ministers in the central government, gave autonomy to state governments, created a separate power-sharing government in Brussels, and established a ‘Community Government’ for cultural, educational, and language issues. This avoided ethnic conflict. [2 Marks]
- Indian Model: India is secular and diverse. Power is shared vertically (Center, States, Panchayati Raj) and horizontally. Special constitutional safeguards, linguistic reorganization of states, and reservations in legislatures for SCs, STs, and OBCs ensure inclusive participation and national unity. [1.5 Marks]
Q33. Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and Rural Credit: [5 Marks]
Impact of Globalization on Different Economic Groups: [5 Marks]
- Structure & Functioning: A typical SHG consists of 15–20 members, usually belonging to one neighborhood, who meet and save regularly (savings per member vary from ₹25 to ₹100 or more depending on ability). [1 Mark]
- Small Loans: Members take small loans from the group’s pooled savings at low interest rates fixed by the group itself (much lower than informal moneylenders). [1 Mark]
- Bank Linkage Without Collateral: After one or two years of regular savings, the group becomes eligible for availing loans from commercial banks in the name of the SHG without providing individual collateral. [1 Mark]
- Self-Employment Opportunities: Bank loans are used to create self-employment assets (e.g., buying sewing machines, livestock, handlooms, seeds, and working capital). [1 Mark]
- Women Empowerment & Social Platform: SHGs make rural women financially self-reliant. Regular meetings provide a platform to discuss and act on social issues such as health, nutrition, and domestic violence. [1 Mark]
Impact of Globalization on Different Economic Groups: [5 Marks]
- Advantage to Consumers: Consumers, particularly the well-off urban sections, enjoy greater choice, improved product quality, and lower prices for items like automobiles, mobile electronics, processed food, and garments. [1.5 Marks]
- Advantage to Top Indian Companies & MNCs: Large companies (Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy, Asian Paints) have thrived by investing in newer technology, upgrading production standards, and collaborating with or emerging as MNCs themselves. [1.5 Marks]
- Hardship for Small Producers: Small-scale industries (e.g., batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, edible oil) faced intense competition from cheap imports and MNCs, leading to factory closures, loss of investments, and business destruction. [1 Mark]
- Insecurity for Workers: To cut production costs, employers increasingly hire workers on a flexible, temporary, or contract basis without job security, social benefits (provident fund, healthcare), or fixed working hours. [1 Mark]
SECTION E SOLUTIONS
Q34. Case Study 1 (History): [4 Marks]
- (a) The colonial government enclosed large forest tracts, preventing tribal people from grazing cattle or collecting fuelwood and forest produce, threatening their traditional rights and livelihoods, and forced them into unpaid begar for road construction. [1 Mark]
- (b) Raju claimed to possess supernatural healing powers, make astrological predictions, and survive bullet wounds. He praised Mahatma Gandhi and persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking. [1 Mark]
- (c) While Gandhi advocated non-violence (Satyagraha), Raju asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force. The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials, and carried on guerrilla warfare. [2 Marks]
Q35. Case Study 2 (Geography): [4 Marks]
- (a) India has vast regional diversity where some states are rich in specific minerals but lack basic infrastructure or water, while others face acute shortages of vital resources, necessitating balanced national planning. [1 Mark]
- (b) Endowed: Solar and wind energy. Deficient: Water resources. [1 Mark]
- (c) The three stages are: (i) Identification and inventory of resources across regions through surveying and mapping; (ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill, and institutional setup; (iii) Matching resource development plans with overall national development plans. [2 Marks]
Q36. Case Study 3 (Political Science): [4 Marks]
- (a) Horizontal distribution of power refers to the sharing of power among different organs of government placed at the same level—the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary. [1 Mark]
- (b) Each organ checks the actions of the others (e.g., judges appointed by the executive can review laws passed by the legislature and actions of the executive), ensuring no single branch exercises unlimited power. [1 Mark]
- (c) Horizontal Division: Power shared among organs of government at the same level (Legislature, Executive, Judiciary). Vertical Division: Power shared among governments at different levels (Central, State, and Local/Panchayat levels). [2 Marks]
SECTION F – MAP WORK SOLUTIONS
Q37. (a) History Map Identification: [2 Marks]
- A: Nagpur (Maharashtra) – Indian National Congress Session of December 1920 (where the Non-Cooperation programme was adopted). [1 Mark]
- B: Dandi (Navsari District, Gujarat) – Place where Mahatma Gandhi manufactured salt and launched the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930. [1 Mark]
- (i) Salal Dam: Located on the Chenab River in the Reasi district of Jammu & Kashmir. [1 Mark]
- (ii) Tarapur Nuclear Power Plant: Located on the coast in the Palghar/Thane district of Maharashtra. [1 Mark]
- (iii) Bhilai Iron and Steel Plant: Located in the Durg district of Chhattisgarh. [1 Mark]
- (iv) Tuticorin (V.O. Chidambaranar) Port: Located on the southeastern coastline of Tamil Nadu. [1 Mark]