🏠 Home 📖 Grammar Course ├── Module 1: Basics ├── Module 2: Parts of Speech ├── Module 3: Nouns ├── Module 4: Verbs ├── Module 5: Tenses ├── Module 6: Advanced Grammar └── Module 7: Competitive English📝 Quizzes 📥 Downloads 📊 Progress 🔍 Search 📞 Contact

📘 Rule 1: Sentence

🎯 Learning Objective

By the end of this lesson, students will understand what a sentence is, how it is formed, and how to identify a correct sentence.

📖 Definition

A sentence is a group of words that gives a complete meaning.

A sentence usually contains:

👤 Subject (who or what we are talking about)
⚡ Verb (action or state)
💬 Complete idea

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Sentence का अर्थ है ऐसे शब्दों का समूह जो पूरा अर्थ बताए।

केवल कुछ शब्दों का समूह sentence नहीं होता, उसमें पूरा विचार होना चाहिए।

🧠 Sentence Formula

Subject + Verb + Complete Meaning = Sentence

Example:

👦 Ram + plays + cricket.

💡 Memory Trick

Remember: SVC

S = Subject
V = Verb
C = Complete Meaning

If a group of words has S + V + Complete Meaning, it is usually a sentence.

✅ Examples of Sentences

Sentence	Meaning
🌞 The sun rises.	Complete idea
👧 She is reading a book.	Complete idea
🐶 The dog is barking.	Complete idea

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Playing football.

(Only an action, no complete meaning)

✅ He is playing football.

❌ Beautiful flowers.

(Only words, not a complete thought)

✅ These are beautiful flowers.

🎯 Exam Tip

In exams, a sentence must have a complete thought. A group of words without complete meaning is not a sentence.

📝 Practice

Identify which are correct sentences:

Birds fly in the sky.
Playing in the garden.
My mother cooks food.
A beautiful flower.

✔ Answers

✅ Sentence
❌ Not a complete sentence
✅ Sentence
❌ Not a complete sentence

⭐ Remember Forever

A sentence:

✅ Has complete meaning
✅ Usually has Subject + Verb
✅ Expresses a complete thought

📘 Rule 1B: Parts of a Sentence

🎯 Learning Objective

Students will learn the three main parts of a sentence:
👤 Subject, ⚡ Predicate, and 🎯 Object.

📖 A Sentence Has Three Main Parts

Part	Meaning	Question
👤 Subject	Who or what does the action?	Who?
⚡ Predicate	What the subject does or is	What happens?
🎯 Object	Receives the action	Whom/What?

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Sentence में:

👤 Subject = कर्ता (जो काम करता है)
⚡ Predicate = क्रिया के बारे में जानकारी
🎯 Object = जिस पर काम होता है

🌟 Example 1

👦 Rahul plays cricket.

Part	Word
👤 Subject	Rahul
⚡ Predicate	plays cricket
🎯 Object	cricket

🌟 Example 2

🐱 The cat drinks milk.

Part	Word
👤 Subject	The cat
⚡ Predicate	drinks
🎯 Object	milk

💡 Memory Trick

Ask three questions:

1️⃣ Who/What? → Subject 👤
2️⃣ Does what? → Verb/Predicate ⚡
3️⃣ Receives what? → Object 🎯

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Playing football is my hobby.
Many students think “playing football” is a verb.

✅ Here “Playing football” is the Subject.

❌ She beautiful.
✅ She is beautiful.

🎯 Exam Tip

Every complete sentence must have a Subject + Predicate. Object is not always necessary.

Example:
Birds fly.
Subject = Birds
Predicate = fly

📝 Practice

Find Subject, Predicate and Object:

Riya writes a letter.
The boy kicked the ball.
Dogs bark.

✔ Answers

Subject: Riya
Predicate: writes a letter
Object: a letter

Subject: The boy
Predicate: kicked the ball
Object: the ball

Subject: Dogs
Predicate: bark
Object: No object

⭐ Remember Forever

👤 Subject = Doer
⚡ Predicate = Action/Information
🎯 Object = Receiver of action

💬 Rule 1C: Types of Sentences

🎯 Learning Objective

Students will learn the five main types of sentences and how to identify them easily.

📖 What are Types of Sentences?

Sentences are divided into different types according to their purpose and meaning.

There are mainly 5 types of sentences:

✅ Assertive Sentence
❓ Interrogative Sentence
👉 Imperative Sentence
😮 Exclamatory Sentence
🙏 Optative Sentence

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Sentence का प्रकार इस बात पर निर्भर करता है कि वह क्या बताना चाहता है।

जानकारी देना → Assertive
सवाल पूछना → Interrogative
आदेश/अनुरोध → Imperative
भावना दिखाना → Exclamatory
इच्छा/प्रार्थना → Optative

1️⃣ Assertive Sentence (Statement)

It gives information or states a fact.

📌 Formula:
Subject + Verb + Object

Examples:

🌞 The sun rises in the east.
📚 I study English.
🏫 She goes to school.

2️⃣ Interrogative Sentence (Question)

It asks a question and ends with a question mark (?).

Examples:

❓ What is your name?
❓ Are you ready?
❓ Where do you live?

3️⃣ Imperative Sentence (Command/Request)

It expresses an order, request, advice or instruction.

Examples:

👉 Open the door.
🙏 Please help me.
💡 Work hard.

4️⃣ Exclamatory Sentence

It shows strong feelings like happiness, surprise, sadness or excitement.

It ends with (!)

Examples:

😮 What a beautiful flower!
🎉 Hurrah! We won the match!
😢 Alas! He is no more!

5️⃣ Optative Sentence

It expresses a wish, prayer or blessing.

Examples:

🙏 May you succeed in life.
🌟 May God bless you.
🎂 Wish you a happy birthday.

💡 Memory Trick

Remember: A I I E O

A → Assertive (Information)
I → Interrogative (Question)
I → Imperative (Instruction)
E → Exclamatory (Emotion)
O → Optative (Wish)

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ What a beautiful day.
✅ What a beautiful day!

❌ Please sit down?
✅ Please sit down.

❌ May you live long.
✅ May you live long!

📝 Practice

Identify the type of sentence:

Close the window.
Where are you going?
What a wonderful idea!
May you always be happy.
The Earth moves around the Sun.

⭐ Quick Revision Chart

Type	Purpose	Symbol
Assertive	Statement	💬
Interrogative	Question	❓
Imperative	Order/Request	👉
Exclamatory	Emotion	😮
Optative	Wish/Prayer	🙏

📘 Rule 1D: Sentence vs Phrase vs Clause

📖 Basic Difference

A sentence gives complete meaning, while a phrase and clause may not always give complete meaning.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Sentence = पूरा अर्थ
Phrase = शब्दों का समूह (पूरा अर्थ नहीं)
Clause = Subject + Verb वाला समूह

📊 Comparison Chart

Type	Meaning	Example
💬 Sentence	Complete thought	She is singing.
🔗 Phrase	No subject + verb	In the garden
🧩 Clause	Has subject + verb	When he came

💡 Memory Trick

S = Complete
P = Partial
C = Contains Subject + Verb

✅ Examples

💬 Sentence:
I like mangoes.

🔗 Phrase:
A beautiful flower

🧩 Clause:
Because I was tired

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Because I was tired. (Not a complete sentence)
✅ I slept because I was tired.

📝 Practice

Identify Sentence / Phrase / Clause:

Under the table
Rahul plays cricket.
When the rain stopped

⭐ Quick Revision

💬 Sentence → Complete meaning
🔗 Phrase → No subject + verb
🧩 Clause → Subject + Verb

📘 Rule 1E: Sentence Formation Rules

📖 Basic Rule

A sentence must have correct word order and complete meaning.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Sentence में शब्दों का सही क्रम और पूरा अर्थ होना चाहिए।

📌 Sentence Formula

Subject + Verb + Object

Example:
Riya writes a letter.

📊 Important Rules

Rule	Example
Start with Capital Letter	✅ My name is Ravi.
Use correct word order	✅ She sings a song.
Use correct punctuation	✅ Where are you going?
Give complete meaning	✅ He is playing.

💡 Memory Trick

CWP
C = Capital Letter
W = Word Order
P = Punctuation

✅ Examples

❌ Plays football.
✅ He plays football.

❌ Beautiful is the flower.
✅ The flower is beautiful.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ She school goes.
✅ She goes to school.

❌ i am happy.
✅ I am happy.

📝 Practice

Correct these sentences:

Reads he a book.
my friend is good.
Going where you are?

⭐ Quick Revision

A correct sentence needs:
✅ Capital letter
✅ Correct order
✅ Complete meaning
✅ Proper punctuation

📘 Rule 2: Subject

📖 Definition

The subject is the person, animal, place, or thing that does the action or is being talked about.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Subject = कर्ता
जो काम करता है या जिसके बारे में sentence में बात होती है।

📌 Rule

Find the subject by asking:

Who? or What? before the verb.

📊 Examples

Sentence	Subject
👦 Rahul plays cricket.	Rahul
🐦 Birds fly in the sky.	Birds
📚 The book is interesting.	The book

💡 Memory Trick

Subject = Doer

Ask:
“Who is doing the action?”

✅ Types of Subject

👤 Person:
Riya sings.

🐾 Animal:
The dog barks.

📦 Thing:
The car stopped.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Plays football every day.
(No subject)

✅ He plays football every day.

❌ Is very beautiful.
✅ The flower is very beautiful.

📝 Practice

Find the subject:

My brother reads books.
The children are playing.
The sun shines brightly.

⭐ Quick Revision

👤 Subject = Who/What we talk about
🔍 Find it by asking “Who?” or “What?”
✅ Usually comes before the verb

📘 Rule 2B: Types of Subject

📖 Basic Idea

A subject can be a single word or a group of words that tells who or what the sentence is about.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Subject एक शब्द या कई शब्दों का समूह हो सकता है।
यह बताता है कि sentence किसके बारे में है।

📊 Types of Subject

Type	Meaning	Example
👤 Simple Subject	Main word of subject	Riya sings.
👥 Complete Subject	Subject with describing words	The little girl sings.
🔗 Compound Subject	Two or more subjects	Ram and Shyam play.

💡 Memory Trick

S + C + C

S = Simple Subject
C = Complete Subject
C = Compound Subject

✅ Examples

👤 Simple:
Dogs bark.

👥 Complete:
The black dog barked.

🔗 Compound:
Ravi and Amit are friends.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Ravi and his brother is playing.
✅ Ravi and his brother are playing.

(Compound subject usually takes plural verb)

📝 Practice

Identify the type of subject:

The old man walks slowly.
Neha writes a letter.
Tom and Jerry are friends.

⭐ Quick Revision

👤 Simple Subject → One main word
📚 Complete Subject → Full subject group
👥 Compound Subject → Two or more subjects

📘 Rule 3: Predicate

📖 Definition

The predicate is the part of a sentence that tells what the subject does, has, or is.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Predicate = विधेय
Subject के बारे में जो जानकारी दी जाती है, उसे Predicate कहते हैं।

📌 Rule

Sentence = Subject + Predicate

The predicate always contains a verb.

📊 Examples

Sentence	Predicate
👦 Rahul plays cricket.	plays cricket
🐦 Birds fly in the sky.	fly in the sky
🌸 The flower is beautiful.	is beautiful

💡 Memory Trick

Predicate = Everything except Subject

Find the subject first, the remaining part is usually the predicate.

✅ Examples

👤 Subject: The boy
⚡ Predicate: is playing football.

👤 Subject: My mother
⚡ Predicate: cooks delicious food.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Rahul (only subject)
✅ Rahul plays cricket. (Complete sentence)

❌ Is beautiful.
✅ The flower is beautiful.

📝 Practice

Find the predicate:

She reads a book.
The baby is sleeping.
My father drives a car.

⭐ Quick Revision

👤 Subject = Who/What
⚡ Predicate = What is said about the subject
✅ Predicate always has a verb

📘 Rule 3B: Types of Predicate

📖 Basic Idea

A predicate tells what the subject does or what happens to the subject.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Predicate के मुख्य रूप से दो प्रकार होते हैं:
1. Simple Predicate
2. Complete Predicate

📊 Types of Predicate

Type	Meaning	Example
⚡ Simple Predicate	Main verb or verb phrase	Birds fly.
📝 Complete Predicate	Verb + all information about action	Birds fly in the sky.

💡 Memory Trick

Simple = Only action
Complete = Action + Details

✅ Examples

Sentence:
The little boy plays football in the park.

👤 Subject:
The little boy

⚡ Simple Predicate:
plays

📝 Complete Predicate:
plays football in the park

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Predicate means only verb.
✅ Predicate includes verb and other words related to the verb.

Example:
She sings a song.
Predicate = sings a song

📝 Practice

Find the Simple Predicate:

Ravi plays cricket.
The dog is barking loudly.
My sister cooks food.

⭐ Quick Revision

⚡ Simple Predicate → Main verb
📝 Complete Predicate → Verb + Details
✅ Predicate tells something about the subject

📘 Rule 4: Phrase

📖 Definition

A phrase is a group of words that works together but does not express a complete meaning.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Phrase = शब्दों का समूह जो sentence का हिस्सा होता है, लेकिन पूरा अर्थ नहीं देता।

📌 Rule

A phrase:
❌ Does not have a complete thought
❌ Usually does not have a subject + verb pair

📊 Types of Phrase

Type	Example
📍 Noun Phrase	The beautiful flower
⚡ Verb Phrase	is running fast
📌 Prepositional Phrase	in the garden
🔹 Adjective Phrase	very beautiful

💡 Memory Trick

Phrase = Part, Not Full

It needs a sentence to complete its meaning.

✅ Examples

🔗 Phrase:
under the table

💬 Complete Sentence:
The book is under the table.

🔗 Phrase:
a beautiful girl

💬 Complete Sentence:
She is a beautiful girl.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Because I was tired (called a phrase)
✅ Because I was tired = Clause (has subject + verb)

❌ He in the park.
✅ He is in the park.

📝 Practice

Identify the phrase:

In the morning
She sings well.
A red car

⭐ Quick Revision

🔗 Phrase = Group of words
❌ No complete meaning
❌ Usually no subject + verb

📘 Rule 5: Clause

📖 Definition

A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Clause = शब्दों का समूह जिसमें Subject और Verb दोनों होते हैं।

📌 Rule

A clause must have:
👤 Subject + ⚡ Verb

Some clauses give complete meaning, while some need support.

📊 Types of Clause

Type	Meaning	Example
💬 Independent Clause	Complete meaning	I like tea.
🔗 Dependent Clause	Needs another clause	Because I was tired.

💡 Memory Trick

Clause = Subject + Verb

C = Contains
S + V

✅ Examples

💬 Independent Clause:
She went home.

🔗 Dependent Clause:
When the rain stopped

Sentence:
We played outside when the rain stopped.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ In the garden = Clause
✅ In the garden = Phrase (No subject + verb)

❌ Because he came = Complete sentence
✅ Because he came = Dependent clause

📝 Practice

Identify Phrase or Clause:

After the movie ended
Under the chair
She writes a letter.

⭐ Quick Revision

🧩 Clause = Subject + Verb
💬 Independent Clause = Complete meaning
🔗 Dependent Clause = Incomplete meaning

📘 Rule 6: Types of Sentences (Structure)

📖 Definition

Sentences are classified by their structure into Simple, Compound, and Complex sentences.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Sentence की बनावट के आधार पर उसके तीन मुख्य प्रकार होते हैं।

📊 Types of Sentences

Type	Rule	Example
🔹 Simple Sentence	One independent clause	I play cricket.
🔗 Compound Sentence	Two independent clauses joined by conjunction	I play cricket and I swim.
🧩 Complex Sentence	One main clause + one dependent clause	I stayed home because it rained.

💡 Memory Trick

S = Single idea
C = Combined ideas
C = Connected with dependent clause

✅ Examples

🔹 Simple:
She reads books.

🔗 Compound:
She reads books and writes stories.

🧩 Complex:
She reads books because she loves learning.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ I went home because tired.
✅ I went home because I was tired.

❌ He likes tea and because coffee.
✅ He likes tea and coffee.

📝 Practice

Identify the type:

I opened the door.
I wanted to go, but it was raining.
She smiled because she was happy.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Simple → One clause
🔗 Compound → Two main clauses
🧩 Complex → Main clause + dependent clause

📘 Rule 7: Parts of Speech

📖 Definition

Parts of Speech are the different categories of words based on their function in a sentence.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Sentence में शब्दों के काम के आधार पर उन्हें Parts of Speech कहा जाता है।

📊 8 Parts of Speech

Part	Function	Example
👤 Noun	Name of person/place/thing	Ravi, Book
🔄 Pronoun	Replaces noun	He, She, They
🎨 Adjective	Describes noun	Beautiful flower
⚡ Verb	Shows action/state	Run, Is
💨 Adverb	Describes verb	Quickly
📍 Preposition	Shows relation	In, On, At
🔗 Conjunction	Joins words	And, But
😊 Interjection	Shows feeling	Wow!, Alas!

💡 Memory Trick

N P A V A P C I

Noun → Pronoun → Adjective → Verb → Adverb → Preposition → Conjunction → Interjection

✅ Sentence Example

Riya (Noun)
she (Pronoun)
beautiful (Adjective)
sings (Verb)
sweetly (Adverb)
in (Preposition)
and (Conjunction)
wow! (Interjection)

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Beautiful is always an adjective.
✅ It depends on usage.

Example:
She is a beautiful girl. (Adjective)
She sings beautifully. (Adverb)

📝 Practice

Identify the Parts of Speech:

Rohan plays football.
She is very smart.
Wow! It is amazing.

⭐ Quick Revision

8 Parts of Speech:
👤 Noun
🔄 Pronoun
🎨 Adjective
⚡ Verb
💨 Adverb
📍 Preposition
🔗 Conjunction
😊 Interjection

📘 Rule 8: Noun

📖 Definition

A noun is the name of a person, place, animal, thing, or idea.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Noun = संज्ञा
किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, वस्तु, जीव या भावना के नाम को Noun कहते हैं।

📊 Types of Noun

Type	Meaning	Example
👤 Proper Noun	Specific name	India, Rahul
👥 Common Noun	General name	Boy, City
📦 Material Noun	Substance	Gold, Water
💭 Abstract Noun	Quality/Feeling	Honesty, Love
👨‍👩‍👧 Collective Noun	Group name	Team, Family

💡 Memory Trick

Noun = Name

Ask:
Who?
Where?
What?

✅ Examples

👤 Person:
Teacher, Amit

📍 Place:
School, Kolkata

📦 Thing:
Book, Mobile

💭 Idea:
Happiness, Freedom

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He is honesty.
✅ Honesty is important.

❌ Kolkata is a common noun.
✅ Kolkata is a proper noun.

📝 Practice

Identify the noun:

Riya lives in Delhi.
Honesty is the best policy.
The team won the match.

⭐ Quick Revision

👤 Noun = Naming word
📍 Person, Place, Thing, Animal, Idea
✅ It can be a subject or object in a sentence

📘 Rule 9: Types of Nouns

📖 Basic Idea

Nouns are divided into different types according to their meaning and use.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Noun के अलग-अलग प्रकार होते हैं जो नाम और अर्थ के आधार पर पहचाने जाते हैं।

📊 Types of Nouns

Type	Meaning	Example
👤 Proper Noun	Special name	India, Ram
👥 Common Noun	General name	Country, Boy
📦 Material Noun	Material/substance	Iron, Milk
💭 Abstract Noun	Feeling/quality	Kindness, Wisdom
👨‍👩‍👧 Collective Noun	Group name	Team, Crowd

💡 Memory Trick

P C M A C

P = Proper
C = Common
M = Material
A = Abstract
C = Collective

✅ Examples

🏙️ Kolkata → Proper Noun

🏠 City → Common Noun

🥇 Gold → Material Noun

❤️ Love → Abstract Noun

👥 Team → Collective Noun

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Water is an abstract noun.
✅ Water is a material noun.

❌ Honesty can be touched.
✅ Honesty is an abstract noun.

📝 Practice

Identify the type of noun:

Gold
London
Childhood
Army

⭐ Quick Revision

👤 Proper → Specific name
👥 Common → General name
📦 Material → Substance
💭 Abstract → Quality/Feeling
👨‍👩‍👧 Collective → Group

📘 Rule 10: Countable & Uncountable Nouns

📖 Definition

Nouns are divided into countable and uncountable based on whether we can count them or not.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Countable = जिन्हें गिना जा सकता है।
Uncountable = जिन्हें सीधे नहीं गिना जा सकता।

📊 Comparison Chart

Type	Rule	Examples
🔢 Countable Noun	Can be counted	Book, Apple, Chair
💧 Uncountable Noun	Cannot be counted directly	Water, Milk, Sugar

📌 Important Rules

Countable nouns can have:
✅ a/an
✅ many
✅ numbers

Uncountable nouns use:
✅ much
✅ some
✅ a little

✅ Examples

🔢 Countable:
I have three books.

💧 Uncountable:
I need some water.

❌ Incorrect:
I bought two milks.
✅ Correct:
I bought two bottles of milk.

💡 Memory Trick

Can you count it?

Yes → Countable 🔢
No → Uncountable 💧

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Many information
✅ Much information

❌ Two breads
✅ Two pieces of bread

📝 Practice

Identify Countable or Uncountable:

Rice
Pen
Furniture
Student

⭐ Quick Revision

🔢 Countable → Can count
💧 Uncountable → Cannot count directly
📌 Use correct quantifiers with each type

📘 Rule 11: Singular & Plural Nouns

📖 Definition

Singular nouns refer to one person, place, animal, or thing. Plural nouns refer to more than one.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Singular = एकवचन (एक)
Plural = बहुवचन (एक से अधिक)

📊 Basic Rules

Rule	Singular	Plural
Add -s	Book	Books
Add -es	Box	Boxes
Change y to ies	Baby	Babies
Change f/fe to ves	Leaf	Leaves

✅ Irregular Plurals

👤 Man → Men
👩 Woman → Women
👶 Child → Children
🐭 Mouse → Mice
🦷 Tooth → Teeth

💡 Memory Trick

Most nouns:
+ S = Plural

Special words:
Remember separately.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Childs
✅ Children

❌ Womans
✅ Women

❌ Furnitures
✅ Furniture

📝 Practice

Write the plural form:

City
Knife
Foot
Box

⭐ Quick Revision

1️⃣ Singular = One
🔢 Plural = More than one
📌 Learn irregular plurals carefully

📘 Rule 12: Gender of Nouns

📖 Definition

Gender shows whether a noun refers to a male, female, common, or non-living thing.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Gender = लिंग
यह बताता है कि noun पुरुष, महिला, दोनों या निर्जीव वस्तु को दर्शाता है।

📊 Types of Gender

Type	Meaning	Example
👨 Masculine	Male	Boy, King, Father
👩 Feminine	Female	Girl, Queen, Mother
👥 Common	Male or Female	Teacher, Doctor
📦 Neuter	Non-living things	Book, Table

📌 Gender Change

King → Queen
Brother → Sister
Actor → Actress
Lion → Lioness

💡 Memory Trick

M F C N

M = Male
F = Female
C = Common
N = Non-living

✅ Examples

👨 Father → Masculine
👩 Mother → Feminine
👨‍🏫 Teacher → Common
📚 Book → Neuter

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Table is masculine.
✅ Table is neuter.

❌ Female of fox = Foxess
✅ Female of fox = Vixen

📝 Practice

Write the feminine form:

King
Actor
Lion
Brother

⭐ Quick Revision

👨 Masculine → Male
👩 Feminine → Female
👥 Common → Both
📦 Neuter → Non-living

📘 Rule 13: Pronoun

📖 Definition

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun to avoid repetition.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Pronoun = सर्वनाम
जो शब्द noun की जगह प्रयोग होते हैं, उन्हें Pronoun कहते हैं।

📊 Types of Pronouns

Type	Use	Example
👤 Personal Pronoun	Person/thing	I, You, He, She, It
🔄 Possessive Pronoun	Shows ownership	Mine, Yours, His
👉 Demonstrative Pronoun	Points out things	This, That, These
❓ Interrogative Pronoun	Asks questions	Who, What, Which

📌 Rule

A pronoun must agree with the noun in:
✅ Number (singular/plural)
✅ Gender
✅ Person

✅ Examples

Riya is a girl.
She is a girl.

This book belongs to me.
It is mine.

💡 Memory Trick

Pro = For

Pronoun = A word used for a noun.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Riya forgot his book.
✅ Riya forgot her book.

❌ Me and Rahul went there.
✅ Rahul and I went there.

📝 Practice

Replace the noun with a pronoun:

Rahul is playing. (___ is playing.)
The dog is hungry. (___ is hungry.)
Rita and Tina are friends. (___ are friends.)

⭐ Quick Revision

👤 Pronoun = Replaces noun
I, You, He, She, It, We, They
✅ Avoids repetition

📘 Rule 13A: Types of Personal Pronouns

📖 Definition

Personal pronouns are used for people, animals, or things and change according to person, number, and case.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Personal Pronoun = व्यक्ति या वस्तु के लिए प्रयोग होने वाले pronouns।

📊 Personal Pronoun Chart

Person	Subject Form	Object Form
1st Person	I, We	Me, Us
2nd Person	You	You
3rd Person	He, She, It, They	Him, Her, It, Them

📌 Rule

Subject pronoun → Does the action
Object pronoun → Receives the action

✅ Examples

👤 She helps me.
She = Subject
Me = Object

👤 They invited us.
They = Subject
Us = Object

💡 Memory Trick

S = Starts action
O = Object receives action

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Him is my friend.
✅ He is my friend.

❌ Me went to school.
✅ I went to school.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct pronoun:

___ am a student. (I/Me)
Teacher called ___. (I/Me)
___ are playing outside. (They/Them)

⭐ Quick Revision

👤 Subject Pronoun → I, We, He, She, They
🎯 Object Pronoun → Me, Us, Him, Her, Them

📘 Rule 13B: Possessive Pronouns

📖 Definition

Possessive pronouns show ownership or belonging.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Possessive Pronoun = अधिकार या संबंध बताने वाले pronouns।
(किसका? Whose?)

📊 Possessive Pronoun Chart

Person	Possessive Pronoun	Example
1st Person	Mine, Ours	This book is mine.
2nd Person	Yours	This bag is yours.
3rd Person	His, Hers, Theirs	The car is theirs.

📌 Rule

Possessive pronouns are used alone.

✅ This pen is mine.
❌ This is mine pen.

✅ Examples

📚 This book is mine.
🎒 The blue bag is hers.
🏠 That house is theirs.

💡 Memory Trick

Mine = My + thing
Yours = Your + thing
Hers = Her + thing

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ This is my.
✅ This is mine.

❌ The book is her.
✅ The book is hers.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

This pencil is ___. (my/mine)
The house is ___. (their/theirs)
This bag is ___. (her/hers)

⭐ Quick Revision

Possessive Pronouns show ownership:
Mine, Yours, His, Hers, Ours, Theirs
✅ Used without a noun

📘 Rule 13C: Demonstrative Pronouns

📖 Definition

Demonstrative pronouns are used to point out specific persons, places, animals, or things.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Demonstrative Pronoun = संकेतवाचक सर्वनाम
जो किसी चीज की ओर संकेत करते हैं।

📊 Demonstrative Pronouns

Pronoun	Use	Example
👉 This	Near + singular	This is my book.
👉 That	Far + singular	That is a tree.
👥 These	Near + plural	These are my shoes.
👥 Those	Far + plural	Those are birds.

📌 Rule

Near → This / These
Far → That / Those

Singular → This / That
Plural → These / Those

💡 Memory Trick

T = Two directions

This/These → Near
That/Those → Far

✅ Examples

📱 This is my phone. (Near)

🌳 That is a big tree. (Far)

📚 These are my books. (Many + near)

🏠 Those are beautiful houses. (Many + far)

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ These is my pen.
✅ This is my pen.

❌ Those is my friends.
✅ Those are my friends.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

___ is my bag. (This/Those)
___ are stars in the sky. (These/Those)
___ is your house over there. (That/This)

⭐ Quick Revision

👉 This → Near + One
👉 That → Far + One
👥 These → Near + Many
👥 Those → Far + Many

📘 Rule 13D: Interrogative Pronouns

📖 Definition

Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions about people, things, or choices.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Interrogative Pronoun = प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम
जो प्रश्न पूछने के लिए प्रयोग होते हैं।

📊 Common Interrogative Pronouns

Pronoun	Use	Example
❓ Who	Person (Subject)	Who is calling?
❓ Whom	Person (Object)	Whom did you meet?
❓ Whose	Ownership	Whose book is this?
❓ What	Things/Information	What is this?
❓ Which	Choice	Which is your bag?

📌 Rule

Who → Does the action
Whom → Receives the action
Whose → Shows ownership

💡 Memory Trick

Who = Who does?
Whom = Whom receives?
Whose = Whose thing?

✅ Examples

👤 Who is your teacher?

👤 Whom did you call?

🎒 Whose bag is this?

📚 Which book do you like?

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Whose is coming today?
✅ Who is coming today?

❌ Who did you meet? (formal exams may prefer whom)
✅ Whom did you meet?

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

___ is your best friend?
___ pen is this?
___ do you want, tea or coffee?

⭐ Quick Revision

Who → Person
Whom → Object of action
Whose → Possession
What/Which → Things or choices

📘 Rule 13E: Reflexive Pronouns

📖 Definition

Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object of a sentence are the same person or thing.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Reflexive Pronoun = निजवाचक सर्वनाम
जब काम करने वाला और काम पाने वाला एक ही हो।

📊 Reflexive Pronouns

Subject	Reflexive Pronoun
I	Myself
You	Yourself / Yourselves
He	Himself
She	Herself
They	Themselves

📌 Rule

Subject = Object

Example:
I hurt myself.
(I = myself)

💡 Memory Trick

Self = Same person

My + self
Your + self
Him + self

✅ Examples

👦 I completed the work myself.

👩 She cooked the food herself.

👥 They enjoyed themselves.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Myself went to school.
✅ I went to school.

❌ He hurt hisself.
✅ He hurt himself.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

She made the dress by ___.
I introduced ___.
They enjoyed ___ at the party.

⭐ Quick Revision

Reflexive Pronouns:
Myself, Yourself, Himself, Herself, Itself, Ourselves, Themselves

Used when subject does an action on itself.

📘 Rule 14: Adjective

📖 Definition

An adjective is a word that describes or gives more information about a noun or pronoun.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Adjective = विशेषण
जो noun या pronoun की विशेषता बताता है।

📌 Rule

Adjective answers questions like:
What kind?
How many?
Which one?

📊 Types of Adjectives

Type	Use	Example
🎨 Quality	Shows quality	Beautiful girl
🔢 Quantity	Shows amount	Some water
🔢 Number	Shows count	Two books
👉 Demonstrative	Points out	This book

💡 Memory Trick

Adjective = Adds beauty to noun

It tells more about a noun.

✅ Examples

🌸 A beautiful flower.

📚 I have three books.

💧 There is little water.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He runs quick.
✅ He runs quickly.

❌ She is a beauty girl.
✅ She is a beautiful girl.

📝 Practice

Find the adjective:

She has a red dress.
There are five apples.
He is an honest man.

⭐ Quick Revision

🎨 Adjective describes noun/pronoun
Answers:
What kind? How many? Which one?

📘 Rule 14A: Types of Adjectives

📖 Basic Idea

Adjectives are divided into different types according to the information they give about a noun.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Adjective के प्रकार noun की अलग-अलग विशेषताएँ बताते हैं।

📊 Types of Adjectives

Type	Use	Example
🎨 Adjective of Quality	Shows quality	A brave soldier
🔢 Adjective of Quantity	Shows amount	Some milk
🔢 Adjective of Number	Shows number/order	Three boys, First prize
👉 Demonstrative Adjective	Points out noun	This book
❓ Interrogative Adjective	Used with questions	Which book?
📌 Possessive Adjective	Shows ownership	My pen

💡 Memory Trick

Q Q N D I P

Q = Quality
Q = Quantity
N = Number
D = Demonstrative
I = Interrogative
P = Possessive

✅ Examples

🌟 Quality:
She is a kind girl.

🥛 Quantity:
I have some water.

🔢 Number:
He has two pens.

👉 Demonstrative:
This bag is mine.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He has much books.
✅ He has many books.

❌ These is my pen.
✅ This is my pen.

📝 Practice

Identify the type of adjective:

She is an honest person.
I have little money.
Those flowers are beautiful.

⭐ Quick Revision

🎨 Quality → Kind, Beautiful
🥛 Quantity → Some, Much
🔢 Number → One, Two
👉 Demonstrative → This, That
📌 Possessive → My, Your

📘 Rule 14B: Degrees of Adjectives

📖 Definition

Degrees of adjectives show the level of comparison between people, places, animals, or things.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Adjective की तीन degrees होती हैं जो तुलना बताती हैं।

📊 Three Degrees

Degree	Use	Example
🔹 Positive	Simple quality	Ravi is tall.
🔸 Comparative	Comparison between two	Ravi is taller than Amit.
⭐ Superlative	Highest degree among many	Ravi is the tallest boy.

📌 Formation Rules

Short adjectives:
tall → taller → tallest

Long adjectives:
beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful

💡 Memory Trick

P → C → S

Positive → Comparative → Superlative

1 → 2 → Many

✅ Examples

🔹 Positive:
This car is fast.

🔸 Comparative:
This car is faster than that car.

⭐ Superlative:
This is the fastest car.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He is more taller.
✅ He is taller.

❌ She is the most smartest girl.
✅ She is the smartest girl.

📝 Practice

Complete the degrees:

Big → Bigger → ___
Good → Better → ___
Beautiful → More beautiful → ___

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Positive → No comparison
🔸 Comparative → Two people/things
⭐ Superlative → More than two

📘 Rule 14C: Adjective Position in a Sentence

📖 Definition

Adjectives usually come before nouns and describe their qualities.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Adjective अक्सर noun से पहले आता है और उसकी विशेषता बताता है।

📌 Main Rules

1️⃣ Adjective + Noun
Example:
A beautiful flower.

2️⃣ After linking verbs (be, seem, look)
Example:
The flower is beautiful.

📊 Common Positions

Position	Example
Before Noun	A red car
After “be” verb	The car is red.
After look/seem	She looks happy.

💡 Memory Trick

A + N
Adjective + Noun

or
Linking Verb + Adjective

✅ Examples

🌸 A pretty girl.

🏠 The house is big.

😊 He looks tired.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ She has a car red.
✅ She has a red car.

❌ He is happily.
✅ He is happy.

📝 Practice

Correct the sentences:

She has a dress beautiful.
The baby looks happily.
He is a man honest.

⭐ Quick Revision

✅ Adjective usually comes before noun
✅ After linking verbs, adjective can come alone
Example: She is kind.

📘 Rule 15: Verb

📖 Definition

A verb is a word that shows an action, state, or occurrence.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Verb = क्रिया
जो किसी काम, स्थिति या घटना को बताता है।

📊 Types of Verbs

Type	Use	Example
🏃 Action Verb	Shows action	Run, Write, Eat
🔗 Linking Verb	Shows state	Is, Am, Are
🛠️ Helping Verb	Helps main verb	Has, Have, Will
🎯 Transitive Verb	Needs object	She reads a book.
🚶 Intransitive Verb	No object needed	Birds fly.

📌 Rule

Every complete sentence needs a verb.

Subject + Verb (+ Object)

💡 Memory Trick

Verb = Action or State

Ask:
“What is happening?”

✅ Examples

🏃 Action:
He runs fast.

🔗 State:
She is happy.

🛠️ Helping:
They are playing.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ She beautiful.
✅ She is beautiful.

❌ He play football.
✅ He plays football.

📝 Practice

Find the verb:

The baby sleeps.
They are dancing.
He has a car.

⭐ Quick Revision

⚡ Verb shows action/state
🏃 Action Verb → Run
🔗 Linking Verb → Is
🛠️ Helping Verb → Has

📘 Rule 15A: Types of Action Verbs

📖 Definition

Action verbs show what a person, animal, or thing does.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Action Verb = क्रिया जो किसी काम या गतिविधि को दर्शाती है।

📊 Types of Action Verbs

Type	Meaning	Example
💪 Physical Action	Visible action	Run, Jump, Write
🧠 Mental Action	Action of mind	Think, Know, Remember

📌 Rule

Action verbs can show:
👀 Something we can see
🧠 Something happening in the mind

✅ Examples

🏃 Physical:
The boy runs fast.

✍️ Physical:
She writes a letter.

🧠 Mental:
I know the answer.

🧠 Mental:
She remembers my name.

💡 Memory Trick

Action = Do Something

Body → Physical
Mind → Mental

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ I am knowing the answer.
✅ I know the answer.

❌ She is having a car.
✅ She has a car.

📝 Practice

Identify the action verb:

He jumps high.
I understand the lesson.
They play football.

⭐ Quick Revision

🏃 Action Verb = Shows activity
💪 Physical = Body action
🧠 Mental = Thinking/knowing action

📘 Rule 15B: Transitive & Intransitive Verbs

📖 Definition

Verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive based on whether they need an object or not.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Transitive Verb = जिसे object की आवश्यकता होती है।
Intransitive Verb = जिसे object की आवश्यकता नहीं होती।

📊 Comparison Chart

Type	Rule	Example
🎯 Transitive Verb	Needs object	She reads a book.
🚶 Intransitive Verb	No object needed	The baby cries.

📌 How to Identify

Ask:
Verb + What? / Whom?

Answer found → Transitive
No answer → Intransitive

✅ Examples

🎯 Transitive:
He kicked the ball.
Kicked what? → The ball

🚶 Intransitive:
The birds fly.
Fly what? → No answer

💡 Memory Trick

T = Touches an object 🎯
I = Independent (no object)

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ She bought.
(Question: bought what?)

✅ She bought a dress.

❌ He sleeps a bed.
✅ He sleeps on a bed.

📝 Practice

Identify Transitive or Intransitive:

She opened the door.
The baby smiled.
They watched a movie.

⭐ Quick Revision

🎯 Transitive → Verb + Object
🚶 Intransitive → Verb only
🔍 Ask “what/whom?” to identify

📘 Rule 15C: Regular & Irregular Verbs

📖 Definition

Verbs are divided into regular and irregular verbs based on how they form their past tense.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Regular Verb = Past form बनाने के लिए -ed लगता है।
Irregular Verb = Past form अलग तरीके से बनता है।

📊 Comparison Chart

Type	Rule	Example
✅ Regular Verb	Add -ed	Play → Played
⚡ Irregular Verb	Changes form	Go → Went

📚 Common Examples

✅ Regular:
Walk → Walked
Work → Worked
Clean → Cleaned

⚡ Irregular:
Come → Came
Eat → Ate
Write → Wrote
Take → Took

💡 Memory Trick

Regular = Rule follows
Irregular = Rule changes

📌 Rule

Past tense tells about a completed action in the past.

Example:
I played cricket yesterday.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He goed to school.
✅ He went to school.

❌ She buyed a book.
✅ She bought a book.

📝 Practice

Write the past form:

Run → ___
Study → ___
See → ___
Make → ___

⭐ Quick Revision

✅ Regular Verb → +ed
⚡ Irregular Verb → Different past form
📌 Learn common irregular verbs by practice

📘 Rule 15D: Main Verb & Helping Verb

📖 Definition

A main verb shows the main action or state, while a helping verb supports the main verb.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Main Verb = मुख्य क्रिया
Helping Verb = सहायक क्रिया जो main verb की मदद करती है।

📊 Difference

Type	Function	Example
⚡ Main Verb	Main action/state	She runs.
🛠️ Helping Verb	Helps main verb	She is running.

📚 Common Helping Verbs

Be: am, is, are, was, were
Have: have, has, had
Do: do, does, did
Modals: can, will, may, must

📌 Rule

A helping verb is followed by:
Helping Verb + Main Verb

Example:
They are playing football.

💡 Memory Trick

Helping Verb = Helper 🤝
It helps the main verb complete the meaning.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ She is go to school.
✅ She goes to school.
✅ She is going to school.

❌ He do plays cricket.
✅ He plays cricket.

📝 Practice

Underline Main Verb and Helping Verb:

She is reading a book.
They have completed the work.
He will visit Delhi.

⭐ Quick Revision

⚡ Main Verb → Main action
🛠️ Helping Verb → Supports main verb
Example:
She is singing.

📘 Rule 15E: Finite & Non-Finite Verbs

📖 Definition

Finite verbs change according to tense and subject, while non-finite verbs do not change.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Finite Verb = जो tense और subject के अनुसार बदलती है।
Non-Finite Verb = जो नहीं बदलती।

📊 Difference

Type	Rule	Example
⚡ Finite Verb	Changes with subject/tense	He plays football.
🔹 Non-Finite Verb	Does not change	He likes to play.

📚 Types of Non-Finite Verbs

🔹 Infinitive:
to + verb
Example: to read

🔹 Gerund:
verb + ing used as noun
Example: Swimming is fun.

🔹 Participle:
verb form used as adjective
Example: A broken chair

💡 Memory Trick

Finite = Fixed to subject & tense
Non-Finite = No change

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He like to play.
✅ He likes to play.

❌ I enjoy to read.
✅ I enjoy reading.

📝 Practice

Identify Finite or Non-Finite:

She sings well.
I want to learn English.
Reading improves knowledge.

⭐ Quick Revision

⚡ Finite → Changes with tense/subject
🔹 Non-Finite → Does not change
Types:
Infinitive, Gerund, Participle

📘 Rule 16: Adverb

📖 Definition

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Adverb = क्रिया विशेषण
जो verb, adjective या दूसरे adverb की विशेषता बताता है।

📌 Adverb Answers

How? → Slowly
When? → Today
Where? → Here
How often? → Always

📊 Types of Adverbs

Type	Use	Example
⚡ Manner	How an action happens	He runs quickly.
⏰ Time	When	Come tomorrow.
📍 Place	Where	Stay here.
🔁 Frequency	How often	She always helps.
📈 Degree	Level/intensity	Very beautiful

💡 Memory Trick

Adverb = Adds details to action

Verb + How/When/Where?

✅ Examples

🏃 He runs fast. (How?)

⏰ She arrived late. (When?)

📍 Come here. (Where?)

🔁 He always studies. (How often?)

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He runs quick.
✅ He runs quickly.

❌ She sings beautiful.
✅ She sings beautifully.

📝 Practice

Find the adverb:

He speaks politely.
She came yesterday.
The baby slept peacefully.

⭐ Quick Revision

Adverb describes:
⚡ Verb
🎨 Adjective
➕ Another Adverb

Questions:
How? When? Where? How often?

📘 Rule 16A: Types of Adverbs

📖 Definition

Adverbs are classified according to the information they provide about an action or description.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Adverb के प्रकार बताते हैं कि काम कैसे, कब, कहाँ या कितनी बार होता है।

📊 Types of Adverbs

Type	Question	Example
⚡ Adverb of Manner	How?	He runs quickly.
⏰ Adverb of Time	When?	She came yesterday.
📍 Adverb of Place	Where?	Come here.
🔁 Adverb of Frequency	How often?	He always studies.
📈 Adverb of Degree	How much?	Very beautiful.

💡 Memory Trick

M T P F D

M = Manner
T = Time
P = Place
F = Frequency
D = Degree

✅ Examples

⚡ Manner:
She sings sweetly.

⏰ Time:
I will meet you tomorrow.

📍 Place:
The child is playing outside.

🔁 Frequency:
He often visits us.

📈 Degree:
The water is too hot.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He always is late.
✅ He is always late.

❌ She speaks English fluent.
✅ She speaks English fluently.

📝 Practice

Identify the type of adverb:

He worked carefully.
I will call you soon.
She never lies.

⭐ Quick Revision

⚡ Manner → How?
⏰ Time → When?
📍 Place → Where?
🔁 Frequency → How often?
📈 Degree → How much?

📘 Rule 16B: Position of Adverbs

📖 Definition

The position of an adverb depends on the type of adverb and the sentence structure.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Sentence में adverb की जगह उसके प्रकार और उपयोग पर निर्भर करती है।

📊 Common Positions

Type	Position	Example
⚡ Manner	After verb/object	He speaks slowly.
⏰ Time	Beginning or end	Yesterday, I went home.
🔁 Frequency	Before main verb	He always helps me.
📈 Degree	Before adjective/adverb	Very beautiful

📌 Important Rules

1️⃣ Frequency adverbs:
Always, often, never, usually
come before main verbs.

Example:
She always studies.

2️⃣ With “be” verbs:
Adverb comes after be.
Example:
He is always happy.

💡 Memory Trick

AFB Rule

A = Adverb
F = Frequency
B = Before main verb

✅ Examples

🏃 He runs quickly.

🔁 She often reads books.

😊 They are always ready.

📈 This movie is very interesting.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He goes always to school.
✅ He always goes to school.

❌ She sings beautiful.
✅ She sings beautifully.

📝 Practice

Place the adverb correctly:

He plays cricket. (often)
She is late. (never)
They completed the work. (quickly)

⭐ Quick Revision

⚡ Manner → After action
🔁 Frequency → Before main verb
🔗 After “be” verb
📈 Degree → Before adjective/adverb

📘 Rule 17: Preposition

📖 Definition

A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun/pronoun and another word in a sentence.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Preposition = संबंध सूचक शब्द
जो noun/pronoun का संबंध स्थान, समय या दिशा से बताता है।

📊 Common Prepositions

Use	Prepositions	Example
📍 Place	in, on, at	The book is on the table.
⏰ Time	at, on, in	School starts at 8 AM.
➡️ Direction	to, from, into	He went to school.
🔗 Relation	with, by, for	This gift is for you.

📌 Important Rules

In → Inside / Large area / Long time
Example:
in India, in 2026

On → Surface / Days
Example:
on the table, on Monday

At → Exact place/time
Example:
at home, at 5 PM

💡 Memory Trick

📦 IN = Inside
📄 ON = On surface
📌 AT = Exact point

✅ Examples

📚 The book is on the desk.

🏠 She lives in Kolkata.

⏰ The class starts at 10 o’clock.

🚶 He walked to school.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He lives at India.
✅ He lives in India.

❌ I will meet you in Monday.
✅ I will meet you on Monday.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

The book is ___ the bag.
We meet ___ Sunday.
He arrived ___ 7 PM.

⭐ Quick Revision

📍 Preposition shows relationship
📦 In → Inside
📄 On → Surface
📌 At → Exact point

📘 Rule 17A: Types of Prepositions

📖 Definition

Prepositions are divided into different types according to the relationship they show.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Preposition के प्रकार बताते हैं कि noun/pronoun का संबंध किस प्रकार है।

📊 Types of Prepositions

Type	Shows	Example
📍 Place	Location	The book is on the table.
⏰ Time	Time relationship	He came at noon.
➡️ Direction	Movement	She went to school.
🛠️ Agent/Instrument	Doer or tool	Written by him.
🔗 Phrase Preposition	Group of words	Because of rain.

📌 Important Examples

📍 Place:
The cat is under the chair.

⏰ Time:
The meeting is at 5 PM.

➡️ Direction:
He walked towards the park.

🛠️ Instrument:
The letter was written with a pen.

💡 Memory Trick

P T D A P

P = Place
T = Time
D = Direction
A = Agent/Instrument
P = Phrase

✅ Examples

🏠 She is inside the room.

📅 We will meet after lunch.

🚶 He moved towards the door.

✍️ The picture was made by her.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He is good in English.
✅ He is good at English.

❌ She is married with him.
✅ She is married to him.

📝 Practice

Identify the type of preposition:

The keys are under the table.
He came after dinner.
She went into the room.

⭐ Quick Revision

📍 Place → Where?
⏰ Time → When?
➡️ Direction → Movement
🛠️ Agent/Instrument → By/With

📘 Rule 17B: Prepositions of Time (In, On, At)

📖 Definition

Prepositions of time show when an action happens.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Time Prepositions बताते हैं कि कोई काम कब होता है।

📊 In, On, At Rules

Preposition	Use	Example
📦 In	Months, Years, Seasons, Long periods	In July, In 2026
📅 On	Days, Dates, Special days	On Monday, On 5th May
⏰ At	Exact time, Festivals, Night	At 6 PM, At night

📌 Examples

📦 In
I was born in 1983.

📅 On
We have a test on Monday.

⏰ At
The train arrives at 9 AM.

💡 Memory Trick

Big → Small

In = Big time period 📦
On = Day/Date 📅
At = Exact point ⏰

✅ More Examples

🌧️ It rains in winter.

🎉 The event is on Sunday.

🌙 He sleeps at night.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ I will meet you in Monday.
✅ I will meet you on Monday.

❌ He came on 5 PM.
✅ He came at 5 PM.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

I was born ___ 2010.
The exam is ___ Friday.
The class starts ___ 8 AM.

⭐ Quick Revision

📦 In → Month, Year, Season
📅 On → Day, Date
⏰ At → Exact Time

📘 Rule 17C: Prepositions of Place

📖 Definition

Prepositions of place show the position or location of a person, animal, or thing.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Prepositions of Place बताते हैं कि कोई वस्तु या व्यक्ति कहाँ स्थित है।

📊 Common Prepositions of Place

Preposition	Meaning	Example
📦 In	Inside	The keys are in the box.
📄 On	Surface	The book is on the table.
⬇️ Under	Below	The cat is under the chair.
⬆️ Above	Higher position	The fan is above us.
➡️ Between	Middle of two	The ball is between the boxes.
🔄 Behind	Back side	The car is behind the house.

📌 Important Rules

In → Inside an area
Example: in a room

On → Touching a surface
Example: on the floor

Between → Only two things
Example: between two chairs

Among → More than two
Example: among friends

💡 Memory Trick

📦 In = Inside
📄 On = Surface
⬇️ Under = Below
↔️ Between = Two
👥 Among = Many

✅ Examples

📚 The pen is in the bag.

🍎 The apple is on the table.

🐱 The cat is under the bed.

👧 She is standing between her parents.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He is sitting among two chairs.
✅ He is sitting between two chairs.

❌ The book is in the table.
✅ The book is on the table.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

The bird is ___ the tree.
The shoes are ___ the bed.
Rahul sits ___ Amit and Ravi.

⭐ Quick Revision

📍 Place Prepositions show location
In → Inside
On → Surface
Under → Below
Between → Two
Among → Many

📘 Rule 17D: Prepositions of Direction & Movement

📖 Definition

Prepositions of direction show movement from one place to another.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Direction Prepositions बताते हैं कि कोई व्यक्ति या वस्तु किस दिशा में जा रही है।

📊 Common Direction Prepositions

Preposition	Meaning	Example
➡️ To	Movement towards	She went to school.
⬅️ From	Starting point	He came from Delhi.
🚶 Into	Movement inside	He entered into the room.
🚪 Out of	Movement outside	She went out of the house.
🔜 Towards	In the direction of	He walked towards me.

📌 Important Rules

To → Destination
Example:
I am going to school.

From → Starting point
Example:
She came from Kolkata.

Into → Outside to inside movement
Example:
The boy jumped into the pool.

💡 Memory Trick

➡️ To = Towards
⬅️ From = Starting
📦 Into = Inside
🚪 Out of = Outside

✅ Examples

🚗 We travelled to Mumbai.

🏠 He returned from office.

🐦 The bird flew into the cage.

🚶 She walked towards the park.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He went in school.
✅ He went to school.

❌ She entered into the room.
✅ She entered the room.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

He went ___ the market.
She came ___ London.
The child ran ___ his mother.

⭐ Quick Revision

➡️ To → Destination
⬅️ From → Starting point
📦 Into → Inside movement
🔜 Towards → Direction

📘 Rule 18: Conjunction

📖 Definition

A conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases, or sentences together.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Conjunction = संयोजक शब्द
जो शब्दों, वाक्यांशों या वाक्यों को जोड़ता है।

📊 Common Conjunctions

Type	Use	Example
➕ Coordinating	Joins equal parts	and, but, or
🔗 Subordinating	Joins dependent part	because, although, if
👥 Correlative	Used in pairs	either…or, both…and

📌 Common Uses

And → Adds information
Example:
I like tea and coffee.

But → Shows contrast
Example:
He is poor but honest.

Or → Shows choice
Example:
Tea or coffee?

💡 Memory Trick

FANBOYS

F = For
A = And
N = Nor
B = But
O = Or
Y = Yet
S = So

✅ Examples

🍎 I bought apples and oranges.

🌧️ It rained, so we stayed home.

📚 I studied hard because I had an exam.

☕ Would you like tea or coffee?

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Although he was tired but he worked.
✅ Although he was tired, he worked.

❌ Because I was late, so I ran.
✅ Because I was late, I ran.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

I wanted to go, ___ it was raining.
Work hard ___ you will fail.
Tea ___ coffee?

⭐ Quick Revision

Conjunction = Joining word
➕ And → Addition
⚖️ But → Contrast
🔀 Or → Choice
🔗 Because → Reason

📘 Rule 18A: Types of Conjunctions

📖 Definition

Conjunctions are classified according to the way they join words, phrases, or clauses.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Conjunction के प्रकार बताते हैं कि वे किस प्रकार के words या sentences को जोड़ते हैं।

📊 Types of Conjunctions

Type	Use	Examples
➕ Coordinating	Joins equal parts	and, but, or, so
🔗 Subordinating	Joins main & dependent clause	because, if, although
👥 Correlative	Used in pairs	either…or, neither…nor

📌 Rules

➕ Coordinating
Two equal ideas are joined.
Example:
I like tea and coffee.

🔗 Subordinating
Shows reason, condition, time, contrast.
Example:
I stayed home because it rained.

👥 Correlative
Works in pairs.
Example:
Either Ram or Shyam will come.

💡 Memory Trick

C S C

C = Coordinating
S = Subordinating
C = Correlative

✅ Examples

➕ She sings and dances.

🔗 He stayed home because he was sick.

👥 Neither John nor Mike came.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Either you or he are wrong.
✅ Either you or he is wrong.

❌ Neither Ram nor Shyam are ready.
✅ Neither Ram nor Shyam is ready.

📝 Practice

Identify the type of conjunction:

I was tired, but I worked.
She left because it was late.
Either you or I will go.

⭐ Quick Revision

➕ Coordinating → Equal ideas
🔗 Subordinating → Main + dependent clause
👥 Correlative → Pair conjunctions

📘 Rule 18B: Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS)

📖 Definition

Coordinating conjunctions join words, phrases, or independent clauses of equal importance.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Coordinating Conjunction = समान महत्व वाले शब्दों या वाक्यों को जोड़ने वाले शब्द।

📊 FANBOYS

Conjunction	Meaning	Example
F – For	Reason	I stayed home, for I was sick.
A – And	Addition	She sings and dances.
N – Nor	Negative choice	He is not rich nor famous.
B – But	Contrast	He is poor but honest.
O – Or	Choice	Tea or coffee?
Y – Yet	Unexpected contrast	It was hard, yet he succeeded.
S – So	Result	It rained, so we stayed home.

📌 Rule

A comma is usually used before a coordinating conjunction when it joins two complete sentences.

Example:
I was tired, but I continued working.

💡 Memory Trick

FANBOYS = 7 Joining Friends 🤝

For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

✅ Examples

📚 I studied hard and passed the exam.

🌧️ It was raining, but we went outside.

🏃 Hurry up, or you will miss the bus.

💡 He was tired, yet he worked.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ I was hungry but I ate nothing.
✅ I was hungry, but I ate nothing.

❌ Because it rained so we stayed home.
✅ Because it rained, we stayed home.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

I wanted to go, ___ I was busy.
Work hard ___ you will succeed.
She likes tea ___ coffee.

⭐ Quick Revision

FANBOYS:
For → Reason
And → Addition
Nor → Negative
But/Yet → Contrast
Or → Choice
So → Result

📘 Rule 18C: Subordinating Conjunctions

📖 Definition

Subordinating conjunctions connect a dependent clause with an independent clause and show the relationship between them.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Subordinating Conjunction = ऐसा संयोजक जो मुख्य वाक्य और आश्रित वाक्य को जोड़ता है।

📊 Common Subordinating Conjunctions

Relation	Conjunctions	Example
🔗 Reason	because, since, as	I stayed home because I was sick.
⏰ Time	when, before, after, while	Call me when you arrive.
⚖️ Contrast	although, though, while	Although he was tired, he worked.
❓ Condition	if, unless	If you study, you will pass.

📌 Rule

A subordinating conjunction makes one clause dependent on another.

Dependent Clause + Main Clause
or
Main Clause + Dependent Clause

💡 Memory Trick

RTCC

R = Reason
T = Time
C = Contrast
C = Condition

✅ Examples

🌧️ I stayed inside because it was raining.

⏰ When the bell rang, students left.

💪 Although he was weak, he won.

📚 If you work hard, you will succeed.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Although he was poor but he was honest.
✅ Although he was poor, he was honest.

❌ If you will study, you will pass.
✅ If you study, you will pass.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

I waited ___ he came.
___ you work hard, you will succeed.
She smiled ___ she was sad.

⭐ Quick Revision

Subordinating Conjunctions join:
🔗 Reason → because
⏰ Time → when
⚖️ Contrast → although
❓ Condition → if

📘 Rule 18D: Correlative Conjunctions

📖 Definition

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together to join equal words, phrases, or clauses.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Correlative Conjunction = जोड़े में आने वाले संयोजक शब्द।

📊 Common Correlative Conjunctions

Pair	Use	Example
👥 Both…and	Addition	Both Ram and Shyam came.
🔀 Either…or	Choice	Either tea or coffee.
🚫 Neither…nor	Negative choice	Neither Ram nor Mohan came.
⚖️ Not only…but also	Adds extra information	She is not only smart but also kind.
❓ Whether…or	Shows alternatives	Whether you agree or not.

📌 Important Rule

The words joined by correlative conjunctions should have the same grammatical form.

✅ She likes both singing and dancing.
❌ She likes both singing and to dance.

💡 Memory Trick

Pair Friends 🤝

Both ↔ And
Either ↔ Or
Neither ↔ Nor
Not only ↔ But also

✅ Examples

👥 Both my brother and sister are doctors.

☕ You can choose either tea or coffee.

🚫 Neither he nor I was ready.

⭐ She is not only talented but also hardworking.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Either Ram or Shyam are coming.
✅ Either Ram or Shyam is coming.

❌ Both he and I is happy.
✅ Both he and I are happy.

📝 Practice

Complete the sentences:

___ Ram ___ Shyam passed the exam.
___ you study ___ you will fail.
She is ___ intelligent ___ hardworking.

⭐ Quick Revision

Correlative Conjunctions come in pairs:
👥 Both…and
🔀 Either…or
🚫 Neither…nor
⭐ Not only…but also

📘 Rule 19: Interjection

📖 Definition

An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses sudden feelings, emotions, or reactions.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Interjection = विस्मयादिबोधक शब्द
जो अचानक भावना या प्रतिक्रिया को व्यक्त करता है।

📊 Common Interjections

Feeling	Interjection	Example
😊 Joy	Hurrah!	Hurrah! We won the match.
😮 Surprise	Wow! Oh!	Wow! What a view!
😢 Sadness	Alas!	Alas! He lost.
😨 Pain	Ouch!	Ouch! It hurts.
🙏 Greeting	Hello!	Hello! How are you?

📌 Rule

Interjections are often followed by an exclamation mark (!)

Example:
Wow! That is amazing.

💡 Memory Trick

Interjection = Instant Emotion ⚡

A sudden feeling word.

✅ Examples

🎉 Hurrah! We won the competition.

😲 Oh! I forgot my book.

😢 Alas! The old man died.

😖 Ouch! My hand hurts.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Wow, this is beautiful.
✅ Wow! This is beautiful.

❌ Alas he failed.
✅ Alas! He failed.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct interjection:

___! We won the game. (Hurrah/Ouch)
___! The view is amazing. (Wow/Alas)
___! My finger hurts. (Ouch/Hurrah)

⭐ Quick Revision

Interjection shows sudden emotion.
🎉 Joy → Hurrah!
😮 Surprise → Wow!
😢 Sadness → Alas!
😖 Pain → Ouch!

📘 Rule 20: Articles (A, An, The)

📖 Definition

Articles are words used before nouns to show whether we are talking about something specific or general.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Articles = उपपद
जो noun के पहले लगाए जाते हैं।
A, An, The को Articles कहते हैं।

📊 Types of Articles

Article	Use	Example
🔹 A	Before consonant sound	A book, A university
🔹 An	Before vowel sound	An apple, An hour
⭐ The	Specific or unique things	The sun, The Ganga

📌 Important Rules

A → consonant sound
Example:
a boy, a European

An → vowel sound
Example:
an egg, an honest man

The → particular person/thing
Example:
the book on the table

💡 Memory Trick

A/An = Any one

The = That particular one

✅ Examples

🍎 I saw a dog.

🥚 She ate an egg.

🌞 The sun rises in the east.

📚 Please open the book.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He is an university student.
✅ He is a university student.

❌ I saw the tiger. (when talking generally)
✅ I saw a tiger.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

He is ___ honest man.
I bought ___ new car.
___ Earth moves around the Sun.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 A → Consonant sound
🔹 An → Vowel sound
⭐ The → Specific/unique things

📘 Rule 20A: Use of Article “A”

📖 Definition

“A” is an indefinite article used before singular countable nouns when we talk about something general or not specific.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

“A” का प्रयोग किसी एक सामान्य या अनिश्चित singular countable noun के पहले होता है।

📊 Uses of “A”

Use	Rule	Example
1️⃣ General meaning	Any one thing	I saw a bird.
2️⃣ Profession	Before occupation	He is a doctor.
3️⃣ Rate/Measurement	Means per	₹50 a kilo
4️⃣ First mention	Introducing something	I bought a book.

📌 Important Rule

“A” is used before words beginning with a consonant sound.

Examples:
a boy
a university (yu sound)
a European (yu sound)

💡 Memory Trick

A = Any One

One general person or thing.

✅ Examples

🐶 I have a dog.

👨‍⚕️ He is a doctor.

📚 She bought a book yesterday.

🚗 He travels 10 km a day.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He is a honest man.
✅ He is an honest man.

❌ She is an university student.
✅ She is a university student.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

He is ___ teacher.
I saw ___ elephant. (a/an)
She earns ₹500 ___ day.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 A = One general thing
🔹 Used before singular countable noun
🔹 Depends on sound, not spelling

📘 Rule 20B: Use of Article “An”

📖 Definition

“An” is an indefinite article used before singular countable nouns that begin with a vowel sound.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

“An” का प्रयोग उन singular countable nouns के पहले होता है जिनकी शुरुआत vowel sound से होती है।

📊 Uses of “An”

Use	Rule	Example
1️⃣ Vowel sound	a, e, i, o, u sound	An apple
2️⃣ Silent “h”	Words with vowel sound	An hour
3️⃣ Abbreviation	Vowel sound letters	An MBA

📌 Important Rule

“An” depends on sound, not spelling.

Vowel sound → An
Consonant sound → A

Examples:
An honest man (silent h)
A university (yu sound)

💡 Memory Trick

An = A + Vowel Sound

Listen to the first sound.

✅ Examples

🍎 She ate an apple.

⏰ He waited for an hour.

👨‍💼 He is an MBA graduate.

🌂 It is an umbrella.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ A honest person
✅ An honest person

❌ An university
✅ A university

❌ An European country
✅ A European country

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

He is ___ honest man.
I saw ___ elephant.
She is ___ university student.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 An → Vowel sound
🔹 An → Silent h words
🔹 An → Vowel sound abbreviations
Example: An hour, An MBA

📘 Rule 20C: Use of Article “The”

📖 Definition

“The” is a definite article used before specific, unique, or already known nouns.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

“The” का प्रयोग किसी निश्चित, विशेष या पहले से ज्ञात noun के पहले किया जाता है।

📊 Uses of “The”

Use	Rule	Example
🌞 Unique things	One of its kind	The Sun, The Moon
📌 Specific things	Particular noun	The book on the table
🌍 Geographical names	Rivers, seas, oceans	The Ganga, The Pacific Ocean
📚 Superlatives	Highest degree	The best student

📌 Important Rules

Use “The” before:

⭐ Unique objects:
The Earth, The Sun

⭐ Names of rivers, seas, oceans:
The Ganga, The Indian Ocean

⭐ Mountain ranges:
The Himalayas

⭐ Superlative degree:
The tallest boy

💡 Memory Trick

The = That particular thing

Not any one, but a specific one.

✅ Examples

🌞 The Sun rises in the east.

📖 Please give me the book I bought yesterday.

🏔️ The Himalayas are beautiful.

🏆 He is the best player.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ The Mount Everest is high.
✅ Mount Everest is high.

❌ Ganga is a holy river.
✅ The Ganga is a holy river.

❌ He is best player.
✅ He is the best player.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

___ Sun gives us light.
___ Himalayas are famous.
He is ___ tallest boy in the class.

⭐ Quick Revision

⭐ The → Specific/unique
🌞 The Sun
🌊 The Ganga
🏆 The best
🏔️ The Himalayas

📘 Rule 20D: Omission of Articles (Zero Article)

📖 Definition

Zero Article means using no article (A, An, The) before certain nouns where an article is not required.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Zero Article = जहाँ A, An, The का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता।

📊 Cases of Zero Article

Use	Rule	Example
🌍 Proper Names	Names of people/places	Rahul lives in India.
📚 Subjects/Languages	General study or language	English is easy.
🍽️ Meals	General meals	We had breakfast.
🏃 Activities	Sports and games	He plays cricket.
💡 Abstract ideas	General concepts	Honesty is the best policy.

📌 Important Rules

No article before:

👤 Names:
Rahul, India, Kolkata

📖 Languages:
English, Hindi

⚽ Games:
Cricket, Football

🍴 Meals:
Lunch, Dinner

💡 Memory Trick

N L G M A

N = Names
L = Languages
G = Games
M = Meals
A = Abstract ideas

✅ Examples

🇮🇳 I live in India.

📚 She learns English.

⚽ They play football.

🍽️ We had dinner.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He plays the cricket.
✅ He plays cricket.

❌ I study the English.
✅ I study English.

❌ We had a dinner.
✅ We had dinner.

📝 Practice

Remove the unnecessary article:

He plays the football.
She speaks the Hindi.
We had the breakfast.

⭐ Quick Revision

Zero Article = No A/An/The

Used with:
👤 Names
📚 Languages
⚽ Games
🍽️ Meals
💡 Abstract ideas

📘 Rule 21: Tense

📖 Definition

Tense shows the time of an action or event — present, past, or future.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Tense = काल
जो बताता है कि कोई काम कब हुआ, हो रहा है या होगा।

📊 Three Main Tenses

Tense	Time	Example
🟢 Present	Now / Regular action	I play cricket.
🔵 Past	Completed action	I played cricket.
🟣 Future	Action that will happen	I will play cricket.

📌 Tense Structure

Each tense has 4 forms:

1️⃣ Simple
2️⃣ Continuous
3️⃣ Perfect
4️⃣ Perfect Continuous

Total:
3 Tenses × 4 Forms = 12 Tenses

💡 Memory Trick

P P F

P = Present
P = Past
F = Future

Each has 4 forms.

✅ Examples

🟢 Present:
She writes a letter.

🔵 Past:
She wrote a letter.

🟣 Future:
She will write a letter.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He go to school every day.
✅ He goes to school every day.

❌ I am knowing him.
✅ I know him.

📝 Practice

Identify the tense:

She is reading a book.
They visited Delhi.
He will come tomorrow.

⭐ Quick Revision

Tense shows time of action.
🟢 Present → Now
🔵 Past → Before
🟣 Future → Later

Total Tenses = 12

📘 Rule 21A: Simple Present Tense

📖 Definition

Simple Present Tense is used to talk about habits, regular actions, general truths, and repeated events.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Simple Present Tense का प्रयोग आदत, रोज़ होने वाले काम और सामान्य सत्य बताने के लिए किया जाता है।

📊 Structure

Sentence Type	Structure	Example
✅ Positive	Subject + V1(s/es) + Object	He plays football.
❌ Negative	Subject + do/does not + V1	He does not play football.
❓ Question	Do/Does + Subject + V1?	Does he play football?

📌 Uses of Simple Present

1️⃣ Habit:
She drinks tea every morning.

2️⃣ General Truth:
The sun rises in the east.

3️⃣ Fixed Schedule:
The train leaves at 6 PM.

💡 Memory Trick

H G S

H = Habit
G = General truth
S = Schedule

✅ Examples

📚 I study English every day.

🏃 He runs fast.

🌞 The Earth revolves around the Sun.

🚆 The train arrives at 10 AM.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He go to school daily.
✅ He goes to school daily.

❌ She don’t like coffee.
✅ She doesn’t like coffee.

❌ Does he goes there?
✅ Does he go there?

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

He ___ (play) cricket every Sunday.
She ___ (not like) milk.
___ you speak English?

⭐ Quick Revision

Simple Present = Habit + Truth + Regular Action

I/You/We/They → V1
He/She/It → V1 + s/es

📘 Rule 21B: Present Continuous Tense

📖 Definition

Present Continuous Tense is used for actions that are happening now or around the present time.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Present Continuous Tense का प्रयोग उस काम के लिए होता है जो अभी चल रहा है।

📊 Structure

Sentence Type	Structure	Example
✅ Positive	Subject + is/am/are + V-ing	She is reading.
❌ Negative	Subject + is/am/are not + V-ing	She is not reading.
❓ Question	Is/Am/Are + Subject + V-ing?	Is she reading?

📌 Uses of Present Continuous

1️⃣ Action happening now:
He is playing football.

2️⃣ Temporary action:
I am staying with my friend.

3️⃣ Future planned action:
We are visiting Delhi tomorrow.

💡 Memory Trick

N T F

N = Now
T = Temporary
F = Future plan

✅ Examples

📖 I am studying English.

🍳 Mother is cooking food.

🏃 They are running in the park.

✈️ We are travelling tomorrow.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He is play cricket.
✅ He is playing cricket.

❌ I am knowing him.
✅ I know him.

❌ She are reading.
✅ She is reading.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

She ___ (write) a letter now.
They ___ (play) football.
___ he coming today?

⭐ Quick Revision

Present Continuous = Action happening now

I → am + V-ing
He/She/It → is + V-ing
You/We/They → are + V-ing

📘 Rule 21C: Present Perfect Tense

📖 Definition

Present Perfect Tense is used for actions that have been completed recently or actions that happened in the past but have a connection with the present.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Present Perfect Tense का प्रयोग उस काम के लिए होता है जो पूरा हो चुका है और जिसका संबंध वर्तमान से है।

📊 Structure

Sentence Type	Structure	Example
✅ Positive	Subject + has/have + V3	She has finished her work.
❌ Negative	Subject + has/have not + V3	She has not finished her work.
❓ Question	Has/Have + Subject + V3?	Has she finished her work?

📌 Uses of Present Perfect

1️⃣ Completed action:
I have completed my homework.

2️⃣ Recent action:
She has just arrived.

3️⃣ Life experience:
I have visited Delhi.

💡 Memory Trick

CRA

C = Completed action
R = Recent action
A = Achievement/Experience

✅ Examples

📚 He has written a letter.

🍽️ They have eaten dinner.

✈️ I have travelled to Kolkata.

🏆 She has won the prize.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ I have seen him yesterday.
✅ I saw him yesterday.

❌ He has went home.
✅ He has gone home.

❌ She have completed the work.
✅ She has completed the work.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

She ___ (finish) her work.
They ___ (visit) the museum.
___ you completed your homework?

⭐ Quick Revision

Present Perfect = Past action + Present connection

I/You/We/They → have + V3
He/She/It → has + V3

📘 Rule 21D: Present Perfect Continuous Tense

📖 Definition

Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used for actions that started in the past and are still continuing in the present.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Present Perfect Continuous Tense का प्रयोग उस काम के लिए होता है जो पहले शुरू हुआ था और अभी भी जारी है।

📊 Structure

Sentence Type	Structure	Example
✅ Positive	Subject + has/have been + V-ing	She has been studying.
❌ Negative	Subject + has/have not been + V-ing	She has not been studying.
❓ Question	Has/Have + Subject + been + V-ing?	Has she been studying?

📌 Uses of Present Perfect Continuous

1️⃣ Action continuing from past:
I have been working for two hours.

2️⃣ Shows duration:
She has been living here since 2020.

3️⃣ Action recently stopped with present effect:
He is tired because he has been running.

💡 Memory Trick

PSD

P = Past start
S = Still continuing
D = Duration

✅ Examples

⏰ I have been waiting for an hour.

📚 She has been learning English since Monday.

🏃 They have been playing for two hours.

💼 He has been working here for five years.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ I am waiting since morning.
✅ I have been waiting since morning.

❌ He has been working since five hours.
✅ He has been working for five hours.

❌ She have been studying.
✅ She has been studying.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

I ___ (read) for two hours.
She ___ (live) here since 2020.
They ___ (play) since morning.

⭐ Quick Revision

Present Perfect Continuous = Started in past + continuing now

Since → Starting point
For → Duration

Has/Have + been + V-ing

📘 Rule 21E: Simple Past Tense

📖 Definition

Simple Past Tense is used for actions that were completed in the past.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Simple Past Tense का प्रयोग उस काम के लिए होता है जो भूतकाल में पूरा हो चुका है।

📊 Structure

Sentence Type	Structure	Example
✅ Positive	Subject + V2 + Object	She wrote a letter.
❌ Negative	Subject + did not + V1	She did not write a letter.
❓ Question	Did + Subject + V1?	Did she write a letter?

📌 Uses of Simple Past

1️⃣ Completed past action:
I visited Delhi yesterday.

2️⃣ Past habit:
He played cricket every evening.

3️⃣ Series of past actions:
She opened the door and entered.

💡 Memory Trick

F H S

F = Finished action
H = Habit in past
S = Sequence of actions

✅ Examples

📚 I studied English yesterday.

🏏 He played cricket last Sunday.

🚶 She went to the market.

✍️ They completed the project.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He did not went there.
✅ He did not go there.

❌ Did you saw him?
✅ Did you see him?

❌ I have met him yesterday.
✅ I met him yesterday.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

She ___ (go) to school yesterday.
They ___ (play) football last week.
___ you visit Delhi?

⭐ Quick Revision

Simple Past = Completed action in past

Positive → V2
Negative → did not + V1
Question → Did + Subject + V1

📘 Rule 21F: Past Continuous Tense

📖 Definition

Past Continuous Tense is used for actions that were happening at a particular time in the past.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Past Continuous Tense का प्रयोग उस काम के लिए होता है जो भूतकाल में किसी समय चल रहा था।

📊 Structure

Sentence Type	Structure	Example
✅ Positive	Subject + was/were + V-ing	She was reading.
❌ Negative	Subject + was/were not + V-ing	She was not reading.
❓ Question	Was/Were + Subject + V-ing?	Was she reading?

📌 Uses of Past Continuous

1️⃣ Action going on at a specific past time:
I was studying at 8 PM.

2️⃣ Interrupted action:
I was sleeping when he called.

3️⃣ Two actions happening together:
She was cooking while he was watching TV.

💡 Memory Trick

S I T

S = Specific past time
I = Interrupted action
T = Together actions

✅ Examples

📖 She was reading a book.

🌧️ It was raining when I left.

🏃 They were playing football at 5 PM.

🍳 Mother was cooking while I was studying.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He was play cricket.
✅ He was playing cricket.

❌ They was watching TV.
✅ They were watching TV.

❌ I was knowing him.
✅ I knew him.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

She ___ (read) a book yesterday evening.
They ___ (play) when it started raining.
___ he sleeping at 10 PM?

⭐ Quick Revision

Past Continuous = Action continuing in past

I/He/She/It → was + V-ing
You/We/They → were + V-ing

📘 Rule 21G: Past Perfect Tense

📖 Definition

Past Perfect Tense is used for an action that was completed before another action happened in the past.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Past Perfect Tense का प्रयोग उस काम के लिए होता है जो भूतकाल में किसी दूसरे काम से पहले पूरा हो चुका था।

📊 Structure

Sentence Type	Structure	Example
✅ Positive	Subject + had + V3	She had finished her work.
❌ Negative	Subject + had not + V3	She had not finished her work.
❓ Question	Had + Subject + V3?	Had she finished her work?

📌 Uses of Past Perfect

1️⃣ Earlier past action:
The train had left before we reached.

2️⃣ Shows sequence of past events:
She had cooked food before guests arrived.

3️⃣ With before/after/when:
He had left before I came.

💡 Memory Trick

PAST + BEFORE = HAD + V3

One past action happened earlier than another.

✅ Examples

🚆 The train had left before I reached.

📚 She had completed her homework before dinner.

🏠 They had gone when we arrived.

✈️ He had reached the airport before time.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He had went home.
✅ He had gone home.

❌ I had seen him yesterday.
✅ I saw him yesterday.

❌ When I arrived, he left.
✅ When I arrived, he had left.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

The bus ___ (leave) before I reached.
She ___ (finish) work before lunch.
___ he completed the task?

⭐ Quick Revision

Past Perfect = Earlier past action

Structure:
Subject + had + V3

Before another past action

📘 Rule 21H: Past Perfect Continuous Tense

📖 Definition

Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used for an action that started in the past and continued up to another point in the past.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Past Perfect Continuous Tense का प्रयोग उस काम के लिए होता है जो भूतकाल में शुरू हुआ और किसी दूसरे past time तक चलता रहा।

📊 Structure

Sentence Type	Structure	Example
✅ Positive	Subject + had been + V-ing	She had been studying.
❌ Negative	Subject + had not been + V-ing	She had not been studying.
❓ Question	Had + Subject + been + V-ing?	Had she been studying?

📌 Uses of Past Perfect Continuous

1️⃣ Action continuing before another past action:
He had been working for two hours before lunch.

2️⃣ Shows duration in the past:
She had been living there for five years before she moved.

3️⃣ Explains a past result:
He was tired because he had been running.

💡 Memory Trick

Past + Duration + Before = Had been + V-ing

A continuous action before another past event.

✅ Examples

⏰ I had been waiting for an hour before the bus arrived.

📚 She had been studying since morning before the exam started.

🏃 They had been playing for two hours before it rained.

💼 He had been working there for ten years before retirement.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He had been worked for two hours.
✅ He had been working for two hours.

❌ She had been living since five years.
✅ She had been living for five years.

❌ I was tired because I had ran.
✅ I was tired because I had been running.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

She ___ (study) for three hours before dinner.
They ___ (play) before the rain started.
He was tired because he ___ (run).

⭐ Quick Revision

Past Perfect Continuous = Past action + Duration + Another past event

Structure:
Subject + had been + V-ing

Since → Starting point
For → Duration

📘 Rule 21I: Simple Future Tense

📖 Definition

Simple Future Tense is used for actions that will happen in the future.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Simple Future Tense का प्रयोग भविष्य में होने वाले कामों के लिए किया जाता है।

📊 Structure

Sentence Type	Structure	Example
✅ Positive	Subject + will + V1	She will write a letter.
❌ Negative	Subject + will not + V1	She will not write a letter.
❓ Question	Will + Subject + V1?	Will she write a letter?

📌 Uses of Simple Future

1️⃣ Future action:
I will visit Delhi tomorrow.

2️⃣ Decision at the moment:
I will help you.

3️⃣ Promise or prediction:
She will succeed.

💡 Memory Trick

F D P

F = Future action
D = Decision
P = Promise/Prediction

✅ Examples

✈️ We will travel next week.

📚 He will study hard.

🤝 I will help you.

🌧️ It will rain tomorrow.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He will goes there.
✅ He will go there.

❌ I will to call you.
✅ I will call you.

❌ She will comes tomorrow.
✅ She will come tomorrow.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

She ___ (visit) us tomorrow.
I ___ (help) you.
___ they come next week?

⭐ Quick Revision

Simple Future = Action that will happen

Structure:
Subject + will + V1

Used for:
Future action, decision, promise

📘 Rule 21J: Future Continuous Tense

📖 Definition

Future Continuous Tense is used for actions that will be happening at a particular time in the future.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Future Continuous Tense का प्रयोग उस काम के लिए होता है जो भविष्य में किसी निश्चित समय पर चल रहा होगा।

📊 Structure

Sentence Type	Structure	Example
✅ Positive	Subject + will be + V-ing	She will be studying.
❌ Negative	Subject + will not be + V-ing	She will not be studying.
❓ Question	Will + Subject + be + V-ing?	Will she be studying?

📌 Uses of Future Continuous

1️⃣ Action at a specific future time:
I will be working at 8 PM.

2️⃣ Planned future activity:
She will be travelling tomorrow.

3️⃣ Polite questions:
Will you be joining us?

💡 Memory Trick

FTS

F = Future
T = Time specific
S = Still continuing

✅ Examples

📚 I will be studying at night.

✈️ They will be flying tomorrow morning.

🏃 He will be playing football at 5 PM.

🍽️ We will be having dinner at 9.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ She will be study tomorrow.
✅ She will be studying tomorrow.

❌ They will be played football.
✅ They will be playing football.

❌ Will you be join us?
✅ Will you be joining us?

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

I ___ (work) at 7 PM tomorrow.
She ___ (travel) next week.
___ they be coming tonight?

⭐ Quick Revision

Future Continuous = Action continuing at a future time

Structure:
Subject + will be + V-ing

Example:
I will be reading at 10 PM.

📘 Rule 21K: Future Perfect Tense

📖 Definition

Future Perfect Tense is used for an action that will be completed before a specific time or another action in the future.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Future Perfect Tense का प्रयोग उस काम के लिए होता है जो भविष्य में किसी निश्चित समय तक पूरा हो चुका होगा।

📊 Structure

Sentence Type	Structure	Example
✅ Positive	Subject + will have + V3	She will have finished her work.
❌ Negative	Subject + will not have + V3	She will not have finished her work.
❓ Question	Will + Subject + have + V3?	Will she have finished her work?

📌 Uses of Future Perfect

1️⃣ Completed before a future time:
I will have completed my homework by 8 PM.

2️⃣ Completed before another future action:
She will have left before you arrive.

3️⃣ With time expressions:
by, before, until

💡 Memory Trick

Future + Finished = Will have + V3

An action completed before a future deadline.

✅ Examples

📚 I will have finished the book by tomorrow.

✈️ They will have reached the airport before noon.

🏠 She will have completed the work by Monday.

🎓 He will have graduated next year.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ She will has completed the work.
✅ She will have completed the work.

❌ He will have finish the task.
✅ He will have finished the task.

❌ I will have went there.
✅ I will have gone there.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

She ___ (complete) the project by Friday.
They ___ (reach) home before 10 PM.
___ he have finished his work?

⭐ Quick Revision

Future Perfect = Action completed before future time

Structure:
Subject + will have + V3

Keywords:
By, before, until

📘 Rule 21K: Future Perfect Tense

📖 Definition

Future Perfect Tense is used for an action that will be completed before a specific time or another action in the future.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

📊 Structure

Sentence Type	Structure	Example
✅ Positive	Subject + will have + V3	She will have finished her work.
❌ Negative	Subject + will not have + V3	She will not have finished her work.
❓ Question	Will + Subject + have + V3?	Will she have finished her work?

📌 Uses of Future Perfect

💡 Memory Trick

Future + Finished = Will have + V3

An action completed before a future deadline.

✅ Examples

📚 I will have finished the book by tomorrow.

✈️ They will have reached the airport before noon.

🏠 She will have completed the work by Monday.

🎓 He will have graduated next year.

❌ Common Mistakes

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

She ___ (complete) the project by Friday.
They ___ (reach) home before 10 PM.
___ he have finished his work?

⭐ Quick Revision

Future Perfect = Action completed before future time

Structure:
Subject + will have + V3

Keywords:
By, before, until

📘 Rule 21L: Future Perfect Continuous Tense

📖 Definition

Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used for an action that will continue up to a certain time in the future.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Future Perfect Continuous Tense का प्रयोग उस काम के लिए होता है जो भविष्य में किसी निश्चित समय तक लगातार चलता रहेगा।

📊 Structure

Sentence Type	Structure	Example
✅ Positive	Subject + will have been + V-ing	She will have been studying.
❌ Negative	Subject + will not have been + V-ing	She will not have been studying.
❓ Question	Will + Subject + have been + V-ing?	Will she have been studying?

📌 Uses of Future Perfect Continuous

1️⃣ Shows duration up to future time:
I will have been working for five hours by 6 PM.

2️⃣ Shows continuous future activity:
She will have been teaching for ten years next month.

3️⃣ Used with since/for:
They will have been living here since 2020.

💡 Memory Trick

Future + Duration = Will have been + V-ing

An action continuing until a future point.

✅ Examples

⏰ He will have been waiting for two hours by 5 PM.

📚 She will have been studying for three years.

💼 They will have been working here since 2025.

🏃 I will have been running for one hour by then.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He will have been work for two hours.
✅ He will have been working for two hours.

❌ She will has been studying.
✅ She will have been studying.

❌ I will have been living since five years.
✅ I will have been living for five years.

📝 Practice

Fill in the blanks:

She ___ (teach) for ten years by 2030.
They ___ (work) here since morning.
I ___ (wait) for two hours by evening.

⭐ Quick Revision

Future Perfect Continuous = Future duration + Continuous action

Structure:
Subject + will have been + V-ing

Since → Starting point
For → Duration

📘 Rule 22: Subject-Verb Agreement

📖 Definition

Subject-Verb Agreement means the verb must agree with the subject in number and person.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Subject-Verb Agreement = कर्ता और क्रिया का मेल।
Subject singular हो तो verb भी singular और subject plural हो तो verb भी plural होती है।

📊 Basic Rules

Rule	Example
Singular subject → Singular verb	He plays cricket.
Plural subject → Plural verb	They play cricket.
I takes “am” in present	I am a student.
You takes plural verb	You are my friend.

📌 Important Rules

1️⃣ Two subjects joined by “and” usually take plural verb:
Ram and Shyam are friends.

2️⃣ Words like each, every, everyone take singular verb:
Everyone is happy.

3️⃣ Either/Neither take singular verb:
Neither of the boys is ready.

4️⃣ Collective nouns usually take singular verb:
The team is winning.

💡 Memory Trick

S + S = Singular

P + P = Plural

Match the subject with the verb.

✅ Examples

👦 He goes to school.

👧 They go to school.

📚 Every student has a book.

👥 The boys are playing.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He go to school.
✅ He goes to school.

❌ Everyone are happy.
✅ Everyone is happy.

❌ The boys plays cricket.
✅ The boys play cricket.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

She ___ (play/plays) tennis.
They ___ (is/are) ready.
Each student ___ (has/have) a book.

⭐ Quick Revision

Subject and verb must agree.

Singular → Singular verb
Plural → Plural verb
Each/Every/Everyone → Singular verb

📘 Rule 22A: Subject-Verb Agreement with “Each” and “Every”

📖 Rule

Each and every always take a singular noun and a singular verb.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Each और Every के बाद singular noun और singular verb का प्रयोग होता है।

📊 Structure

Rule	Example
Each + singular noun	Each student is ready.
Every + singular noun	Every student has a book.
Each of + plural noun + singular verb	Each of the boys is ready.
Every one of + plural noun + singular verb	Every one of them is present.

📌 Important Rule

Do not be confused by a plural noun after of.

Each of the students is present.

The subject is Each, not “students”.

💡 Memory Trick

Each / Every → Singular

Think: One at a time.

✅ Examples

👦 Each boy has a pen.

📚 Every student is attentive.

👩 Each of the girls was present.

👥 Every one of them has a ticket.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Each of the boys are ready.
✅ Each of the boys is ready.

❌ Every students are present.
✅ Every student is present.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

Each student ___ (has/have) a notebook.
Every boy ___ (is/are) ready.
Each of the players ___ (was/were) selected.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Each + singular noun + singular verb
🔹 Every + singular noun + singular verb
🔹 Each of + plural noun + singular verb

📘 Rule 22B: Either / Neither

📖 Rule

Either and neither generally take a singular verb when they refer to one of two persons or things.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Either और Neither के साथ सामान्यतः singular verb का प्रयोग होता है।

📊 Basic Rules

Structure	Example
Either + singular noun + singular verb	Either answer is correct.
Neither + singular noun + singular verb	Neither answer is correct.
Either of + plural noun + singular verb	Either of the boys is ready.
Neither of + plural noun + singular verb	Neither of the boys is ready.

📌 Important Rule

With either…or and neither…nor, the verb agrees with the subject nearest to it.

Either Ram or his friends are coming.

Either his friends or Ram is coming.

💡 Memory Trick

Either / Neither → One → Singular

But with or/nor → Look at the nearest subject.

✅ Examples

👦 Neither boy is ready.

👥 Neither of the players was selected.

🔀 Either Riya or her friends are coming.

🔀 Either her friends or Riya is coming.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Neither of the boys are ready.
✅ Neither of the boys is ready.

❌ Either Ram or his friends is coming.
✅ Either Ram or his friends are coming.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

Neither of the boys ___ (is/are) ready.
Either Riya or her friends ___ (is/are) coming.
Either her friends or Riya ___ (is/are) coming.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Either → Singular
🔹 Neither → Singular
🔹 Either/Neither of + plural noun → Singular verb
🔹 Either…or / Neither…nor → Nearest subject controls the verb

📘 Rule 22C: Along with / As well as / Together with

📖 Rule

When subjects are joined by “along with”, “as well as”, or “together with”, the verb agrees with the main subject, not the additional noun.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Along with, As well as और Together with से जुड़ा noun subject का number नहीं बदलता। Verb मुख्य subject के अनुसार होगा।

📊 Structure

Structure	Example
Singular + along with + noun	Ram, along with his friends, is coming.
Singular + as well as + noun	She, as well as her sisters, is ready.
Plural + together with + noun	The boys, together with their teacher, are going.

📌 Important Rule

Ignore the words between commas when choosing the verb.

The main subject is Ram.
Ram, along with his friends, is coming.

“his friends” does not control the verb.

💡 Memory Trick

Ignore the Extra! 🚫

Along with / As well as / Together with
→ Main subject controls the verb.

✅ Examples

👨 Ram, along with his brothers, is present.

👩 She, as well as her friends, has arrived.

👥 The players, together with their coach, are ready.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Ram, along with his friends, are coming.
✅ Ram, along with his friends, is coming.

❌ She, as well as her sisters, have arrived.
✅ She, as well as her sisters, has arrived.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

Riya, along with her friends, ___ (is/are) coming.
The teacher, as well as the students, ___ (was/were) present.
The boys, together with their coach, ___ (is/are) ready.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Along with → Main subject controls verb
🔹 As well as → Main subject controls verb
🔹 Together with → Main subject controls verb

💡 Ignore the additional noun.

📘 Rule 22D: Collective Nouns

📖 Rule

A collective noun names a group of people or things. It usually takes a singular verb when the group acts as one unit.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Collective Noun = समूहवाचक संज्ञा। जब पूरा समूह एक इकाई की तरह कार्य करता है, तो singular verb का प्रयोग होता है।

📊 Common Collective Nouns

Collective Noun	Example
Team	The team is winning.
Committee	The committee has decided.
Family	My family is large.
Class	The class is quiet.

📌 Important Rule

When the members act as one unit → singular verb.

The team is winning.

When members act individually, a plural verb may be used, especially in British English.

The team are arguing among themselves.

💡 Memory Trick

One Group → Singular

Separate Members → Plural

✅ Examples

🏏 The team is playing well.

👨‍👩‍👧 My family is going on a trip.

📋 The committee has approved the proposal.

👥 The committee are divided in their opinions.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ The team are winning the match.
✅ The team is winning the match.

❌ The committee have taken a decision.
✅ The committee has taken a decision.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

The team ___ (is/are) ready.
The committee ___ (has/have) reached a decision.
The family ___ (is/are) going together.

⭐ Quick Revision

👥 Collective noun as one unit → Singular verb

🏏 Team is winning.
📋 Committee has decided.
👨‍👩‍👧 Family is happy.

📘 Rule 22E: Indefinite Pronouns

📖 Rule

Indefinite pronouns such as everyone, someone, anyone, nobody, and each take singular verbs.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Everyone, Someone, Anyone, Nobody, Each आदि indefinite pronouns के साथ singular verb का प्रयोग होता है।

📊 Common Indefinite Pronouns

Pronoun	Example
Everyone	Everyone is ready.
Someone	Someone has called.
Anyone	Anyone can join.
Nobody	Nobody knows the answer.
Each	Each has a book.

📌 Important Rule

Words ending in -one, -body, -thing generally take singular verbs.

Everyone is happy.
Someone has arrived.
Everything looks fine.
Nothing was missing.

💡 Memory Trick

ONE = Singular

Everyone • Someone • Anyone
Nobody • Everything • Nothing
→ Singular verb

✅ Examples

😊 Everyone is excited.

📞 Someone has called you.

🙋 Anyone can answer.

🚫 Nobody knows the truth.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Everyone are ready.
✅ Everyone is ready.

❌ Someone have taken my pen.
✅ Someone has taken my pen.

❌ Nothing were found.
✅ Nothing was found.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

Everyone ___ (is/are) present.
Someone ___ (has/have) taken my book.
Nothing ___ (was/were) damaged.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Everyone → is
🔹 Someone → has
🔹 Nobody → knows
🔹 Everything → is
💡 Indefinite pronouns ending in -one/-body/-thing usually take singular verbs.

📘 Rule 22F: “A Number of” vs “The Number of”

📖 Basic Difference

“A number of” means many and takes a plural verb, while “the number of” refers to the total and takes a singular verb.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

A number of = कई / बहुत से → plural verb
The number of = कुल संख्या → singular verb

📊 Comparison

Expression	Verb	Example
A number of	Plural	A number of students are absent.
The number of	Singular	The number of students is increasing.

📌 Important Rule

A number of + plural noun + plural verb

A number of students are absent.

The number of + plural noun + singular verb

The number of students is increasing.

💡 Memory Trick

A = Many → Plural

The = Total → Singular

✅ Examples

👨‍🎓 A number of candidates have applied.

📈 The number of candidates has increased.

📚 A number of books are missing.

🔢 The number of books is small.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ A number of students is absent.
✅ A number of students are absent.

❌ The number of students are increasing.
✅ The number of students is increasing.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

A number of students ___ (is/are) absent.
The number of students ___ (is/are) increasing.
A number of books ___ (has/have) been sold.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 A number of → Plural verb
🔹 The number of → Singular verb

💡 A = Many | The = Total

📘 Rule 22G: Subjects Joined by “And”

📖 Rule

Two or more subjects joined by “and” generally take a plural verb.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

“And” से जुड़े दो या अधिक subjects के साथ सामान्यतः plural verb का प्रयोग होता है।

📊 Basic Rules

Structure	Example
Subject + and + Subject → plural verb	Ram and Shyam are friends.
Two nouns = one idea → singular verb	Bread and butter is my breakfast.
Same person → singular verb	The teacher and writer is here.

📌 Important Rule

When two subjects refer to different people/things:

Ram and Shyam are playing.

But when they refer to one person or one idea, use a singular verb.

Bread and butter is my breakfast.

💡 Memory Trick

AND = Usually Plural 👥

But:
One idea → Singular
One person → Singular

✅ Examples

👨‍🤝‍👨 Ram and Mohan are friends.

🍞 Bread and butter is my favourite breakfast.

👨 The poet and philosopher is here.

👩‍🏫 The teacher and the student are present.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Ram and Shyam is coming.
✅ Ram and Shyam are coming.

❌ Bread and butter are my breakfast.
✅ Bread and butter is my breakfast.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

Ram and Shyam ___ (is/are) friends.
Bread and butter ___ (is/are) my breakfast.
The teacher and the student ___ (is/are) present.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 A + and + B → Usually plural
🔹 One idea → Singular
🔹 One person with two roles → Singular

📘 Rule 22H: Subjects Joined by “Or / Nor”

📖 Rule

When subjects are joined by “or” or “nor”, the verb generally agrees with the subject nearest to it.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Or / Nor से जुड़े subjects में verb अपने सबसे पास वाले subject के अनुसार होता है।

📊 Basic Rules

Structure	Example
Singular + or + singular	Ram or Mohan is coming.
Plural + or + singular	The boys or Ram is coming.
Singular + or + plural	Ram or the boys are coming.
Neither…nor	Neither Ram nor his friends are ready.

📌 Important Rule

With or / nor, look at the subject nearest to the verb.

Ram or his friends are coming.

His friends or Ram is coming.

The nearest subject decides the verb.

💡 Memory Trick

OR / NOR → Nearest Subject 🎯

Look immediately before the verb.

✅ Examples

👦 Ram or Mohan is responsible.

👥 Ram or his friends are coming.

👨‍👩‍👧 His friends or Ram is coming.

🚫 Neither the teacher nor the students are ready.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Ram or his friends is coming.
✅ Ram or his friends are coming.

❌ His friends or Ram are coming.
✅ His friends or Ram is coming.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

Ram or his friends ___ (is/are) coming.
His friends or Ram ___ (is/are) coming.
Neither the teacher nor the students ___ (is/are) ready.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Or / Nor → Nearest subject controls the verb
🔹 Singular + singular → Singular verb
🔹 Singular + plural → Check the nearest subject

📘 Rule 22I: Special Subject-Verb Agreement Rules

📖 Rule

Some nouns look plural but take a singular verb, while some nouns are always treated as plural.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

कुछ nouns देखने में plural लगते हैं लेकिन singular verb लेते हैं। कुछ nouns हमेशा plural verb लेते हैं।

📊 Special Cases

Case	Example
News → Singular	The news is shocking.
Mathematics → Singular	Mathematics is difficult.
Politics → Singular	Politics is complicated.
Scissors → Plural	The scissors are sharp.
Trousers → Plural	My trousers are new.

📌 Important Rules

📢 News is always singular:
The news is true.

📚 Subjects ending in -ics generally take singular verbs:
Mathematics is interesting.

✂️ Pair nouns take plural verbs:
The scissors are on the table.

For one pair, use:
A pair of scissors is on the table.

💡 Memory Trick

News + -ics → Singular

Scissors + Trousers → Plural

A pair of → Singular

✅ Examples

📰 The news is shocking.

📐 Mathematics is my favourite subject.

✂️ These scissors are sharp.

👖 My trousers are dirty.

✂️ A pair of scissors is on the table.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ The news are true.
✅ The news is true.

❌ Mathematics are difficult.
✅ Mathematics is difficult.

❌ A pair of scissors are missing.
✅ A pair of scissors is missing.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

The news ___ (is/are) shocking.
Mathematics ___ (is/are) difficult.
The scissors ___ (is/are) sharp.
A pair of trousers ___ (is/are) missing.

⭐ Quick Revision

📰 News → Singular
📚 Mathematics → Singular
✂️ Scissors → Plural
👖 Trousers → Plural
✂️ A pair of scissors → Singular

📘 Rule 22J: Nouns That Look Plural but Are Singular

📖 Rule

Some nouns end in “-s” but refer to a single subject and therefore take a singular verb.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

कुछ nouns के अंत में “-s” होता है, लेकिन वे singular होते हैं और singular verb लेते हैं।

📊 Common Examples

Noun	Example
News	The news is true.
Politics	Politics is complicated.
Economics	Economics is interesting.
Physics	Physics is difficult.
Mathematics	Mathematics is my favourite subject.

📌 Important Rule

Do not judge the verb only by the final -s.

Politics is important.
Economics is a useful subject.
Physics is difficult.

These words refer to a subject, field, or concept.

💡 Memory Trick

-S does NOT always mean plural.

News • Politics • Economics • Physics • Mathematics
→ Singular verb

✅ Examples

📰 The news is shocking.

🏛️ Politics is a complex subject.

💰 Economics is important for students.

🔬 Physics is interesting.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Economics are difficult.
✅ Economics is difficult.

❌ Politics are complicated.
✅ Politics is complicated.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

Physics ___ (is/are) difficult.
Politics ___ (is/are) complicated.
Economics ___ (is/are) important.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 News → is
🔹 Politics → is
🔹 Economics → is
🔹 Physics → is
🔹 Mathematics → is

💡 Final “-s” ≠ Always plural

📘 Rule 22K: Plural Nouns with Singular Meaning

📖 Rule

Some plural-looking nouns refer to a single amount, quantity, distance, or period and therefore take a singular verb.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

जब कोई plural noun एक पूरी मात्रा, दूरी, समय या रकम को एक इकाई के रूप में दर्शाता है, तो singular verb आता है।

📊 Common Cases

Expression	Example
Amount	Ten thousand rupees is a large sum.
Distance	Ten kilometres is a long distance.
Time	Five years is a long time.
Measurement	Five metres is enough.

📌 Important Rule

When the expression is considered one whole unit → singular verb.

Five years is a long time.

Ten kilometres is too far.

But when the individual units are emphasized → plural verb.

Five years have passed quickly.

💡 Memory Trick

ONE UNIT → Singular

Think of the whole amount as one thing.

✅ Examples

💰 Ten thousand rupees is enough.

⏳ Ten years is a long period.

📏 Five kilometres is not far.

📅 Five years have passed since we met.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Ten kilometres are a long distance.
✅ Ten kilometres is a long distance.

❌ Five years are a long time.
✅ Five years is a long time.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

Ten kilometres ___ (is/are) a long distance.
Five years ___ (is/are) a long time.
Ten thousand rupees ___ (is/are) enough.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 One amount → Singular
🔹 One distance → Singular
🔹 One period → Singular
🔹 Individual units emphasized → Plural

📘 Rule 22L: Fractions, Percentages & Portions

📖 Rule

With fractions, percentages, and portions, the verb agrees with the noun that follows “of”.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Fraction, percentage या portion के बाद “of” के बाद जो noun आता है, verb उसी के अनुसार होता है।

📊 Basic Rules

Expression	Verb	Example
Half of + singular	Singular	Half of the cake is gone.
Half of + plural	Plural	Half of the students are absent.
50% of + singular	Singular	50% of the work is done.
50% of + plural	Plural	50% of the students are ready.

📌 Important Rule

Look at the noun after of.

Half of the water is dirty.

Half of the students are absent.

So, the noun after “of” controls the verb.

💡 Memory Trick

Fraction + OF → Look After OF 👀

Singular noun → Singular verb
Plural noun → Plural verb

✅ Examples

🍰 Half of the cake is eaten.

👨‍🎓 Half of the students are absent.

💰 70% of the money is spent.

📚 70% of the books are sold.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Half of the students is absent.
✅ Half of the students are absent.

❌ 50% of the money are spent.
✅ 50% of the money is spent.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

Half of the students ___ (is/are) absent.
Half of the water ___ (is/are) dirty.
60% of the books ___ (is/are) sold.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Fraction/Percentage + of + singular → Singular verb
🔹 Fraction/Percentage + of + plural → Plural verb

💡 Look after “of”.

📘 Rule 22M: There + Be

📖 Rule

In sentences beginning with “There is/are”, the verb agrees with the real subject that follows it.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

“There is/are” वाले वाक्य में verb बाद में आने वाले वास्तविक subject के अनुसार होता है।

📊 Basic Rules

Real Subject	Verb	Example
Singular noun	is	There is a book on the table.
Plural noun	are	There are books on the table.
Singular noun	was	There was a problem.
Plural noun	were	There were many problems.

📌 Important Rule

Do not choose the verb according to There.

Look at the noun immediately after the verb.

There is a student in the room.

There are many students in the room.

💡 Memory Trick

THERE → Look Right 👀

Find the real subject after is/are/was/were.

✅ Examples

📚 There is a book on the desk.

👨‍🎓 There are many students here.

🏠 There was a house nearby.

🚗 There were several cars outside.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ There is many students in the class.
✅ There are many students in the class.

❌ There are a problem.
✅ There is a problem.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

There ___ (is/are) a book on the table.
There ___ (is/are) many students outside.
There ___ (was/were) several problems.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 There is + singular noun
🔹 There are + plural noun
🔹 There was + singular noun
🔹 There were + plural noun

💡 “There” is not the real subject.

📘 Rule 22N: “Many a” and “More than one”

📖 Rule

“Many a” and “more than one” are followed by a singular noun and take a singular verb.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

“Many a” और “More than one” के बाद singular noun और singular verb का प्रयोग होता है।

📊 Basic Rules

Structure	Example
Many a + singular noun + singular verb	Many a student has failed.
More than one + singular noun + singular verb	More than one student is absent.
More than two + plural noun + plural verb	More than two students are absent.

📌 Important Rule

Although many a means “many”, it takes a singular verb.

Many a student has faced this problem.

Similarly:
More than one student is absent.

💡 Memory Trick

Many a → Singular
More than one → Singular
More than two → Plural

✅ Examples

📚 Many a student has made this mistake.

👨‍🎓 More than one candidate is eligible.

👥 More than two candidates are eligible.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Many a student have failed.
✅ Many a student has failed.

❌ More than one student are absent.
✅ More than one student is absent.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

Many a student ___ (has/have) failed.
More than one candidate ___ (is/are) selected.
More than two candidates ___ (is/are) selected.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Many a + singular noun → Singular verb
🔹 More than one + singular noun → Singular verb
🔹 More than two + plural noun → Plural verb

📘 Rule 22O: “No” + Noun

📖 Rule

When “no” is used before a noun, the verb agrees with the noun that follows it.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

“No” के बाद आने वाला noun singular है या plural, उसी के अनुसार verb का प्रयोग होता है।

📊 Basic Rules

Structure	Example
No + singular noun	No student is absent.
No + plural noun	No students are absent.
No + uncountable noun	No information is available.

📌 Important Rule

No + singular countable noun → singular verb

No student is absent.

No + plural noun → plural verb

No students are absent.

No + uncountable noun → singular verb

No information is available.

💡 Memory Trick

NO → Look at the noun after it 👀

Singular noun → Singular verb
Plural noun → Plural verb

✅ Examples

👨‍🎓 No student is absent.

👥 No students are absent.

📚 No books are available.

ℹ️ No information is available.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ No student are absent.
✅ No student is absent.

❌ No information are available.
✅ No information is available.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

No student ___ (is/are) absent.
No students ___ (is/are) absent.
No information ___ (is/are) available.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 No + singular noun → Singular verb
🔹 No + plural noun → Plural verb
🔹 No + uncountable noun → Singular verb

📘 Rule 22P: “Not Only…But Also”

📖 Rule

When two subjects are joined by “not only…but also”, the verb generally agrees with the subject nearest to it.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

“Not only…but also” से जुड़े दो subjects में verb सामान्यतः उस subject के अनुसार होता है जो verb के सबसे पास हो।

📊 Basic Rules

Structure	Example
Singular + but also + singular	Not only Ram but also Mohan is coming.
Singular + but also + plural	Not only Ram but also his friends are coming.
Plural + but also + singular	Not only his friends but also Ram is coming.

📌 Important Rule

With not only…but also, identify the subject nearest to the verb.

Not only the teacher but also the students are ready.

Not only the students but also the teacher is ready.

💡 Memory Trick

Not only…but also → Nearest Subject 🎯

Look at the subject closest to the verb.

✅ Examples

👨‍🏫 Not only the teacher but also the students are present.

👨‍🎓 Not only the students but also the teacher is present.

🏏 Not only Rohit but also his friends are playing.

🏏 Not only his friends but also Rohit is playing.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Not only the teacher but also the students is present.
✅ Not only the teacher but also the students are present.

❌ Not only the students but also the teacher are present.
✅ Not only the students but also the teacher is present.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

Not only Ram but also his friends ___ (is/are) coming.
Not only his friends but also Ram ___ (is/are) coming.
Not only the teacher but also the students ___ (was/were) present.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Not only…but also → Nearest subject controls the verb
🔹 Singular nearest subject → Singular verb
🔹 Plural nearest subject → Plural verb

📘 Rule 22Q: Relative Pronouns — Who, Which & That

📖 Rule

When a relative pronoun such as who, which, or that acts as the subject of a relative clause, its verb agrees with the noun or pronoun it refers to.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Who, Which और That जिस noun को refer करते हैं, verb उसी के number के अनुसार होता है।

📊 Basic Rules

Antecedent	Verb	Example
Singular noun	Singular	She is the girl who works here.
Plural noun	Plural	They are the students who work here.
Singular noun	Singular	This is the book that contains the answer.
Plural noun	Plural	These are the books that contain the answers.

📌 Important Rule

Do not be confused by a noun between the antecedent and the relative pronoun.

She is one of the students who work hard.

Here, who refers to students, so the plural verb work is used.

She is the only one of the students who works hard.

Here, “who” refers to the only one, so the singular verb works is used.

💡 Memory Trick

WHO / WHICH / THAT → Find the Antecedent 🎯

Singular antecedent → Singular verb
Plural antecedent → Plural verb

✅ Examples

👩 She is the woman who teaches English.

👨‍🎓 They are the students who study hard.

📖 This is the book that contains the answer.

📚 These are the books that contain useful information.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ She is one of the students who works hard.
✅ She is one of the students who work hard.

❌ They are the students who studies hard.
✅ They are the students who study hard.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

She is one of the students who ___ (work/works) hard.
He is the only one of the players who ___ (plays/play) well.
These are the books that ___ (contains/contain) useful information.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Find the antecedent of who/which/that.
🔹 Singular antecedent → Singular verb
🔹 Plural antecedent → Plural verb
🔹 “One of the + plural noun + who” → Usually plural verb

📘 Rule 22R: Gerunds as Subjects

📖 Rule

When a gerund (verb + -ing) is used as the subject of a sentence, it normally takes a singular verb because it represents one activity or concept.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

जब verb + ing किसी sentence में subject की तरह काम करता है, तो सामान्यतः singular verb का प्रयोग होता है।

📊 Basic Rule

Gerund Subject	Verb	Example
Reading	is	Reading is a good habit.
Swimming	is	Swimming is good exercise.
Walking	is	Walking is beneficial.
Learning English	is	Learning English is useful.

📌 Important Rule

A gerund phrase functioning as the subject is treated as singular.

Reading books is my favourite hobby.

Learning new words helps improve vocabulary.

Playing football requires practice.

💡 Memory Trick

V-ing as Subject → Singular Verb 🎯

Treat the whole activity as one thing.

✅ Examples

📚 Reading newspapers improves vocabulary.

🏊 Swimming is good exercise.

✍️ Writing regularly develops confidence.

🗣️ Speaking English requires practice.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Reading books are useful.
✅ Reading books is useful.

❌ Learning English help students.
✅ Learning English helps students.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

Reading books ___ (is/are) beneficial.
Learning vocabulary ___ (helps/help) students.
Swimming ___ (is/are) good exercise.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Gerund = Verb + ing
🔹 Gerund as subject → Singular verb
🔹 Reading is useful.
🔹 Learning English helps students.

📘 Rule 22S: Infinitives as Subjects

📖 Rule

When an infinitive phrase (to + V1) is used as the subject of a sentence, it generally takes a singular verb because the whole action is treated as one idea.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

जब to + V1 sentence में subject की तरह काम करता है, तो सामान्यतः singular verb का प्रयोग होता है।

📊 Basic Rule

Infinitive Subject	Verb	Example
To read	is	To read is useful.
To exercise	is	To exercise is healthy.
To learn	is	To learn is important.
To speak English	requires	To speak English requires practice.

📌 Important Rule

The entire infinitive phrase is treated as one idea.

To learn English is important.

To become successful requires hard work.

To help others is a noble act.

💡 Memory Trick

To + V1 as Subject → Singular Verb 🎯

One action = one idea.

✅ Examples

📚 To read regularly is beneficial.

🏃 To exercise daily is healthy.

🗣️ To speak English fluently requires practice.

🤝 To help others is a good habit.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ To learn English are important.
✅ To learn English is important.

❌ To exercise regularly help us.
✅ To exercise regularly helps us.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

To read daily ___ (is/are) beneficial.
To exercise regularly ___ (helps/help) maintain fitness.
To learn new skills ___ (is/are) important.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Infinitive = to + V1
🔹 Infinitive phrase as subject → Singular verb
🔹 To learn is important.
🔹 To practise helps improve performance.

📘 Rule 22T: “One of the + Plural Noun”

📖 Rule

In the structure one of the + plural noun, the main subject is “one”, so the verb is singular.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

“One of the + plural noun” में मुख्य subject one होता है, इसलिए main verb singular होती है।

📊 Basic Structure

Structure	Example
One of the + plural noun + singular verb	One of the boys is absent.
One of the + plural noun + singular verb	One of the students has won the prize.
One of the + plural noun + who + plural verb	She is one of the students who work hard.

📌 Important Rule

The noun after of is plural, but the main subject is one.

One of the students is absent.

One of the players has scored a goal.

Do not let the plural noun confuse you.

💡 Memory Trick

ONE → Singular 🎯

One of the boys is…
One of the students has…

✅ Examples

👦 One of the boys is absent.

📚 One of the students has answered correctly.

🏏 One of the players was injured.

🏆 One of the candidates has been selected.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ One of the boys are absent.
✅ One of the boys is absent.

❌ One of the students have won the prize.
✅ One of the students has won the prize.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

One of the boys ___ (is/are) absent.
One of the students ___ (has/have) won the prize.
One of the players ___ (was/were) injured.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 One of the + plural noun → Singular main verb
🔹 One of the boys is…
🔹 One of the students has…
💡 Ignore the plural noun after “of”; focus on one.

📘 Rule 22U: “The Only One of the + Plural Noun”

📖 Rule

When a sentence contains “the only one of the + plural noun”, the main verb is singular because the main subject is the only one.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

“The only one of the + plural noun” में मुख्य subject the only one होता है, इसलिए singular verb का प्रयोग होता है।

📊 Basic Structure

Structure	Example
The only one of the + plural noun + singular verb	He is the only one of the students who is absent.
The only one of the + plural noun + singular verb	She is the only one of the candidates who has qualified.
The only one of the + plural noun + singular verb	This is the only one of the books that is useful.

📌 Important Rule

Compare these two structures carefully:

One of the students who work hard
→ “who” refers to students → plural verb work

The only one of the students who works hard
→ “who” refers to the only one → singular verb works

💡 Memory Trick

ONE → Singular 🎯

One of the students who work…
The only one of the students who works…

✅ Examples

👨‍🎓 He is the only one of the students who has completed the assignment.

👩 She is the only one of the candidates who has qualified.

📖 This is the only one of the books that is useful.

🏆 Ravi is the only one of the players who plays consistently well.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He is the only one of the students who have qualified.
✅ He is the only one of the students who has qualified.

❌ She is the only one of the candidates who are selected.
✅ She is the only one of the candidates who is selected.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

She is the only one of the students who ___ (has/have) qualified.
He is the only one of the players who ___ (plays/play) well.
This is the only one of the books that ___ (is/are) useful.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 One of the students who work…
🔹 The only one of the students who works…

💡 “One” = singular.
💡 Always identify what the relative pronoun refers to.

📘 Rule 22V: “Each of + Plural Noun”

📖 Rule

In the structure each of + plural noun/pronoun, the word each is the subject and therefore takes a singular verb.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

“Each of + plural noun” में मुख्य subject each होता है। इसलिए singular verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

📊 Basic Structure

Structure	Example
Each of + plural noun + singular verb	Each of the students is ready.
Each of + plural pronoun + singular verb	Each of them has a book.
Each of + plural noun + singular verb	Each of the players was selected.

📌 Important Rule

The noun after of is plural, but it does not control the verb.

Each of the students is ready.

Each of the players has a uniform.

Each of them was given a certificate.

💡 Memory Trick

EACH = Every single one → Singular 🎯

Ignore the plural noun after “of”.

✅ Examples

👨‍🎓 Each of the students is present.

🏏 Each of the players has a locker.

👥 Each of them was invited.

📚 Each of the books contains useful information.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Each of the students are present.
✅ Each of the students is present.

❌ Each of them have a ticket.
✅ Each of them has a ticket.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

Each of the students ___ (is/are) present.
Each of the players ___ (has/have) a locker.
Each of them ___ (was/were) invited.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Each of + plural noun → Singular verb
🔹 Each of them has…
🔹 Each of the students is…

💡 The word each controls the verb.

📘 Rule 22W: “Every” with Compound Subjects

📖 Rule

When every or each comes before two nouns joined by “and”, the verb remains singular.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

जब every या each दो nouns से पहले आता है और दोनों nouns “and” से जुड़े होते हैं, तो singular verb का प्रयोग होता है।

📊 Basic Structure

Structure	Example
Every + noun + and + noun + singular verb	Every boy and girl is present.
Each + noun + and + noun + singular verb	Each boy and girl has a book.
Every + singular noun + and + singular noun	Every teacher and student is ready.

📌 Important Rule

Do not treat the two nouns as a normal compound subject.

Every boy and girl is present.

Each teacher and student has an identity card.

The words every and each make the construction distributive.

💡 Memory Trick

EVERY / EACH → Singular 🎯

Even when two nouns are joined by and.

✅ Examples

👦👧 Every boy and girl is invited.

👨‍🏫👨‍🎓 Each teacher and student has a responsibility.

📚 Every book and notebook is on the table.

🏠 Each room and corridor is clean.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Every boy and girl are present.
✅ Every boy and girl is present.

❌ Each teacher and student have an identity card.
✅ Each teacher and student has an identity card.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

Every boy and girl ___ (is/are) invited.
Each teacher and student ___ (has/have) a responsibility.
Every book and notebook ___ (is/are) on the table.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Every + A and B → Singular verb
🔹 Each + A and B → Singular verb

💡 Every / Each = Singular

📘 Rule 22X: “Both…and”

📖 Rule

The structure both…and joins two subjects and normally takes a plural verb.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Both…and दो subjects को जोड़ता है। इसलिए सामान्यतः इसके साथ plural verb का प्रयोग होता है।

📊 Basic Structure

Structure	Example
Both + A + and + B + plural verb	Both Ram and Shyam are present.
Both + singular noun + and + singular noun	Both the teacher and the student are ready.
Both + plural noun + and + plural noun	Both the boys and the girls are participating.

📌 Important Rule

Both…and always indicates two subjects considered together.

Ram and Shyam are friends.

Both Ram and Shyam are friends.

The teacher and the student are present.

💡 Memory Trick

BOTH = Two → Plural 👥

Both A and B → Plural verb

✅ Examples

👨‍🤝‍👨 Both Ram and Mohan are ready.

👩‍🏫 Both the teacher and the student were present.

📚 Both English and Mathematics are important subjects.

🏏 Both the captain and the players have agreed.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Both Ram and Shyam is present.
✅ Both Ram and Shyam are present.

❌ Both the teacher and the student has arrived.
✅ Both the teacher and the student have arrived.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

Both Ram and Shyam ___ (is/are) present.
Both the teacher and the students ___ (has/have) arrived.
Both the captain and the players ___ (was/were) ready.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Both…and → Plural verb
🔹 Both A and B are…
🔹 Both A and B have…

💡 BOTH = Two → Plural

📘 Rule 22Y: “Each…and Each”

📖 Rule

When two subjects are connected by each…and each, the verb is generally singular.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

जब दो subjects को each…and each से जोड़ा जाता है, तो प्रत्येक subject को अलग-अलग माना जाता है। इसलिए singular verb का प्रयोग होता है।

📊 Basic Structure

Structure	Example
Each + singular noun + and each + singular noun	Each boy and each girl is ready.
Each + singular noun + and each + singular noun	Each teacher and each student has a role.
Each + singular noun + and each + singular noun	Each man and each woman was given a ticket.

📌 Important Rule

Although two subjects are connected by and, the repeated use of each makes the construction distributive.

Each boy and each girl is responsible.

Each teacher and each student has an identity card.

The focus is on individuals separately, not on the group as a whole.

💡 Memory Trick

Each + Each → Singular 🎯

Think: one by one → singular verb

✅ Examples

👦👧 Each boy and each girl is invited.

👨‍🏫👨‍🎓 Each teacher and each student has a responsibility.

👨👩 Each man and each woman was given a certificate.

📚 Each book and each notebook is properly labelled.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Each boy and each girl are ready.
✅ Each boy and each girl is ready.

❌ Each teacher and each student have a role.
✅ Each teacher and each student has a role.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

Each boy and each girl ___ (is/are) ready.
Each teacher and each student ___ (has/have) a role.
Each man and each woman ___ (was/were) given a ticket.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Each…and each → Singular verb
🔹 Each boy and each girl is…
🔹 Each teacher and each student has…

💡 Each = One by one = Singular

📘 Rule 22Z: “Either…or” and “Neither…nor”

📖 Rule

With either…or and neither…nor, the verb generally agrees with the subject nearest to it.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Either…or और Neither…nor में verb सामान्यतः उस subject के अनुसार होता है जो verb के सबसे पास हो।

📊 Basic Structure

Structure	Example
Either + singular + or + singular	Either Ram or Mohan is coming.
Either + singular + or + plural	Either Ram or his friends are coming.
Neither + singular + nor + plural	Neither Ram nor his friends are ready.
Neither + plural + nor + singular	Neither his friends nor Ram is ready.

📌 Important Rule

Look at the subject immediately before the verb.

Either the teacher or the students are responsible.

Either the students or the teacher is responsible.

Neither the manager nor his assistants are available.

Neither the assistants nor the manager is available.

💡 Memory Trick

EITHER…OR / NEITHER…NOR → Nearest Subject 🎯

Look immediately before the verb.

✅ Examples

👨‍🏫 Either the teacher or the students are responsible.

👨‍🎓 Either the students or the teacher is responsible.

🚫 Neither the manager nor his assistants are available.

🚫 Neither the assistants nor the manager is available.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Either Ram or his friends is coming.
✅ Either Ram or his friends are coming.

❌ Neither the students nor the teacher are responsible.
✅ Neither the students nor the teacher is responsible.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

Either Ram or his friends ___ (is/are) coming.
Either his friends or Ram ___ (is/are) coming.
Neither the teacher nor the students ___ (is/are) ready.
Neither the students nor the teacher ___ (is/are) ready.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Either…or → Nearest subject
🔹 Neither…nor → Nearest subject
🔹 Singular nearest subject → Singular verb
🔹 Plural nearest subject → Plural verb

📘 Rule 23A: “As well as”, “Along with”, “Together with”

📖 Rule

When subjects are followed by expressions such as as well as, along with, together with, accompanied by, or with, these expressions do not make the subject plural. The verb agrees with the main subject.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

“As well as”, “along with”, “together with” आदि phrases subject को plural नहीं बनाते। Verb मुख्य subject के अनुसार आता है।

📊 Basic Structure

Structure	Correct Example
Singular subject + as well as + noun	Ram, as well as his friends, is coming.
Singular subject + along with + noun	The teacher, along with the students, is present.
Plural subject + together with + noun	The students, together with their teacher, are ready.
Singular subject + with + noun	The manager, with his assistants, has arrived.

📌 Important Rule

Ignore the words between the main subject and the verb.

Ram, as well as his friends, is coming.

The phrase “as well as his friends” does not change the singular subject Ram.

Similarly:
The manager, along with his assistants, has arrived.

💡 Memory Trick

AS WELL AS ≠ AND 🚨

With and → usually plural verb.
With as well as / along with / together with → main subject controls the verb.

✅ Examples

👨 Ram, as well as his friends, is invited.

👩‍🏫 The teacher, along with her students, is attending the event.

👨‍🎓 The students, together with their teacher, are attending the event.

👨‍💼 The manager, accompanied by his assistants, has arrived.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Ram, as well as his friends, are coming.
✅ Ram, as well as his friends, is coming.

❌ The teacher, along with the students, are present.
✅ The teacher, along with the students, is present.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

Ram, as well as his friends, ___ (is/are) invited.
The teacher, along with her students, ___ (is/are) present.
The students, together with their teacher, ___ (is/are) ready.
The manager, with his assistants, ___ (has/have) arrived.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 As well as → Main subject controls the verb
🔹 Along with → Main subject controls the verb
🔹 Together with → Main subject controls the verb
🔹 Accompanied by → Main subject controls the verb
🔹 With → Main subject controls the verb

💡 Don’t confuse “as well as” with “and”.

📘 Rule 23B: “A Number of” vs “The Number of”

📖 Rule

“A number of” means “many” and takes a plural verb, whereas “the number of” refers to the total count and takes a singular verb.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

“A number of” का अर्थ “कई” होता है, इसलिए इसके साथ plural verb आता है। “The number of” का अर्थ “कुल संख्या” होता है, इसलिए singular verb आता है।

📊 Basic Structure

Expression	Verb	Example
A number of + plural noun	Plural	A number of students are absent.
A number of + plural noun	Plural	A number of candidates have applied.
The number of + plural noun	Singular	The number of students is increasing.
The number of + plural noun	Singular	The number of applicants has increased.

📌 Important Rule

A number of = many → plural verb

A number of students are absent.

The number of = the total number → singular verb

The number of students is increasing.

💡 Memory Trick

🧑‍🎓 A NUMBER OF = MANY → ARE / HAVE

🔢 THE NUMBER OF = TOTAL COUNT → IS / HAS

✅ Examples

📚 A number of students are preparing for the examination.

📝 A number of candidates have applied for the post.

📈 The number of students is increasing.

📊 The number of applicants has risen significantly.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ A number of students is absent.
✅ A number of students are absent.

❌ The number of students are increasing.
✅ The number of students is increasing.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

A number of students ___ (is/are) absent.
The number of students ___ (is/are) increasing.
A number of candidates ___ (has/have) applied.
The number of applicants ___ (has/have) increased.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 A number of → Plural verb
🔹 The number of → Singular verb

💡 A number = many
💡 The number = one total figure

📘 Rule 23C: “Plenty of”, “A lot of”, “Lots of”

📖 Rule

With expressions such as plenty of, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, and heaps of, the verb agrees with the noun that follows of.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

“Plenty of”, “a lot of”, “lots of” आदि expressions में verb, of के बाद आने वाले noun के अनुसार होता है।

📊 Basic Structure

Expression	Noun	Verb
A lot of + singular/uncountable noun	Money	A lot of money is needed.
A lot of + plural noun	Students	A lot of students are absent.
Plenty of + uncountable noun	Time	Plenty of time is available.
Plenty of + plural noun	Books	Plenty of books are available.

📌 Important Rule

Look at the noun after of.

A lot of money is required.

A lot of students are absent.

Plenty of food is available.

Plenty of books are available.

💡 Memory Trick

LOT / PLENTY → Look after “OF” 👀

Singular or uncountable noun → Singular verb
Plural noun → Plural verb

✅ Examples

💰 A lot of money is required.

👨‍🎓 A lot of students are absent.

⏳ Plenty of time is available.

📚 Plenty of books are available.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ A lot of money are required.
✅ A lot of money is required.

❌ A lot of students is absent.
✅ A lot of students are absent.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

A lot of money ___ (is/are) needed.
A lot of students ___ (is/are) absent.
Plenty of food ___ (is/are) available.
Plenty of books ___ (is/are) available.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 A lot of + singular/uncountable noun → Singular verb
🔹 A lot of + plural noun → Plural verb
🔹 Plenty of + singular/uncountable noun → Singular verb
🔹 Plenty of + plural noun → Plural verb

💡 Always check the noun after “of”.

📘 Rule 23D: “All of”, “Some of”, “Most of”, “Half of”

📖 Rule

With expressions such as all of, some of, most of, half of, and part of, the verb agrees with the noun or pronoun that follows of.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

“All of”, “some of”, “most of”, “half of”, “part of” आदि के साथ verb, of के बाद आने वाले noun के अनुसार होता है।

📊 Basic Structure

Expression	Following Noun	Verb
All of + uncountable noun	Water	All of the water is clean.
All of + plural noun	Students	All of the students are present.
Some of + uncountable noun	Money	Some of the money is missing.
Some of + plural noun	Books	Some of the books are missing.

📌 Important Rule

The expression before of does not determine the verb.

Look at the noun after of.

Most of the work is complete.

Most of the students are ready.

Half of the money is spent.

Half of the books are sold.

💡 Memory Trick

ALL / SOME / MOST / HALF + OF → Look after OF 👀

Uncountable or singular → Singular verb
Plural → Plural verb

✅ Examples

💧 All of the water is clean.

👨‍🎓 All of the students are present.

💰 Some of the money is missing.

📚 Some of the books are missing.

📖 Most of the work is complete.

👥 Most of the employees are satisfied.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Most of the students is ready.
✅ Most of the students are ready.

❌ Half of the money are spent.
✅ Half of the money is spent.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

All of the water ___ (is/are) clean.
All of the students ___ (is/are) present.
Some of the money ___ (is/are) missing.
Most of the employees ___ (is/are) satisfied.
Half of the books ___ (is/are) sold.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 All of → noun after “of” controls the verb
🔹 Some of → noun after “of” controls the verb
🔹 Most of → noun after “of” controls the verb
🔹 Half of → noun after “of” controls the verb
🔹 Part of → noun after “of” controls the verb

💡 Look after “OF”.

📘 Rule 23E: “None of” + Noun

📖 Rule

With none of, the verb depends on the noun that follows of. A plural noun commonly takes a plural verb, while an uncountable noun takes a singular verb.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

“None of” के बाद आने वाले noun के अनुसार verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Plural count noun के साथ plural verb और uncountable noun के साथ singular verb सामान्यतः प्रयोग होता है।

📊 Basic Structure

Structure	Example
None of + plural noun	None of the students are absent.
None of + plural noun	None of the books are useful.
None of + uncountable noun	None of the information is useful.
None of + uncountable noun	None of the money is missing.

📌 Important Rule

None of + plural count noun → plural verb is common.

None of the students are absent.

None of + uncountable noun → singular verb.

None of the information is available.

In formal writing, none can also take a singular verb when the meaning is “not one”, but the noun and intended meaning should guide the choice.

💡 Memory Trick

NONE OF → Look after “OF” 👀

Plural count noun → usually plural verb
Uncountable noun → singular verb

✅ Examples

👨‍🎓 None of the students are absent.

📚 None of the books are available.

ℹ️ None of the information is reliable.

💰 None of the money is missing.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ None of the students is absent.
✅ None of the students are absent.

❌ None of the information are available.
✅ None of the information is available.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

None of the students ___ (is/are) absent.
None of the information ___ (is/are) useful.
None of the books ___ (is/are) available.
None of the money ___ (is/are) missing.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 None of + plural count noun → Usually plural
🔹 None of + uncountable noun → Singular
🔹 Formal singular “none” is possible when the meaning is “not one”

💡 Check the noun after “of”.

📘 Rule 23F: “More than one” vs “More than two”

📖 Rule

The expressions more than one and more than two follow different subject–verb agreement patterns.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

More than one के बाद singular noun और singular verb आता है, जबकि more than two के बाद plural noun और plural verb आता है।

📊 Basic Structure

Expression	Verb	Example
More than one + singular noun	Singular	More than one student is absent.
More than one + singular noun	Singular	More than one candidate has applied.
More than two + plural noun	Plural	More than two students are absent.
More than two + plural noun	Plural	More than two candidates have applied.

📌 Important Rule

More than one takes a singular noun and singular verb.

More than one student is absent.

But:

More than two takes a plural noun and plural verb.

More than two students are absent.

💡 Memory Trick

MORE THAN ONE → Singular 🎯

MORE THAN TWO → Plural 👥

✅ Examples

👨‍🎓 More than one student has complained.

📝 More than one candidate is eligible.

👥 More than two students have complained.

📝 More than two candidates are eligible.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ More than one student are absent.
✅ More than one student is absent.

❌ More than two students is absent.
✅ More than two students are absent.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

More than one student ___ (is/are) absent.
More than one candidate ___ (has/have) applied.
More than two students ___ (is/are) absent.
More than two candidates ___ (has/have) applied.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 More than one + singular noun → Singular verb
🔹 More than two + plural noun → Plural verb

💡 More than ONE = Singular
💡 More than TWO = Plural

📘 Rule 23G: “One or Two” / “One or More”

📖 Rule

When expressions such as one or two and one or more are used before a plural noun, the verb is generally plural.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

“One or two” और “one or more” के बाद सामान्यतः plural noun आता है और plural verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

📊 Basic Structure

Expression	Verb	Example
One or two + plural noun	Plural	One or two students are absent.
One or two + plural noun	Plural	One or two candidates have applied.
One or more + plural noun	Plural	One or more students are eligible.
One or more + plural noun	Plural	One or more candidates have qualified.

📌 Important Rule

Do not confuse one or two with more than one.

More than one student is absent.

But:
One or two students are absent.

The latter expression refers to an uncertain number greater than one.

💡 Memory Trick

ONE OR TWO → Plural 👥

ONE OR MORE → Plural 👥

But remember:
MORE THAN ONE → Singular

✅ Examples

👨‍🎓 One or two students are absent.

📝 One or two candidates have applied.

👥 One or more students are eligible.

🏆 One or more candidates have qualified.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ One or two students is absent.
✅ One or two students are absent.

❌ One or more candidates has qualified.
✅ One or more candidates have qualified.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

One or two students ___ (is/are) absent.
One or two candidates ___ (has/have) applied.
One or more students ___ (is/are) eligible.
One or more candidates ___ (has/have) qualified.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 One or two + plural noun → Plural verb
🔹 One or more + plural noun → Plural verb
🔹 More than one + singular noun → Singular verb

💡 Don’t confuse “one or two” with “more than one”.

📘 Rule 23H: “The Majority of”, “A Minority of”, “A Majority of”

📖 Rule

With expressions such as the majority of, a majority of, a minority of, and the minority of, the verb generally agrees with the noun that follows of.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

“Majority of” और “minority of” के साथ verb सामान्यतः of के बाद आने वाले noun के अनुसार होता है।

📊 Basic Structure

Expression	Following Noun	Verb
The majority of + plural noun	Students	The majority of students are present.
The majority of + uncountable noun	Work	The majority of the work is complete.
A minority of + plural noun	Employees	A minority of employees are dissatisfied.
A majority of + plural noun	Voters	A majority of voters support the proposal.

📌 Important Rule

When the noun after of is plural, a plural verb is normally used.

The majority of students are present.

When the noun after of is uncountable, a singular verb is used.

The majority of the work is complete.

In formal writing, expressions such as the majority can sometimes take a singular verb when the group is treated as a single unit.

💡 Memory Trick

MAJORITY / MINORITY + OF → Look after OF 👀

Plural noun → usually plural verb
Uncountable noun → singular verb

✅ Examples

👨‍🎓 The majority of students are present.

👥 A majority of voters support the proposal.

👨‍💼 A minority of employees are dissatisfied.

📑 The majority of the work is complete.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ The majority of students is present.
✅ The majority of students are present.

❌ The majority of the work are complete.
✅ The majority of the work is complete.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

The majority of students ___ (is/are) present.
A majority of voters ___ (support/supports) the proposal.
A minority of employees ___ (is/are) dissatisfied.
The majority of the work ___ (is/are) complete.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Majority of + plural noun → Usually plural verb
🔹 Minority of + plural noun → Usually plural verb
🔹 Majority of + uncountable noun → Singular verb

💡 Look at the noun after “of”.

📘 Rule 23I: Collective Nouns

📖 Rule

A collective noun refers to a group of people, animals, or things. It can take a singular or plural verb depending on whether the group is considered as one unit or as separate individuals.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Collective noun किसी group को दर्शाता है। अगर पूरा group एक unit की तरह काम कर रहा है, तो singular verb; अगर members अलग-अलग कार्य कर रहे हैं, तो plural verb का प्रयोग हो सकता है।

📊 Basic Rule

Meaning	Verb	Example
Group acting as one unit	Singular	The team is winning.
Members acting individually	Plural	The team are arguing among themselves.
Group acting as one unit	Singular	The committee has reached a decision.
Members acting separately	Plural	The committee are divided in their opinions.

📌 Important Rule

When the collective noun represents the group as one unit, use a singular verb.

The team is playing well.

The committee has approved the proposal.

When the members are emphasized as individuals, a plural verb may be used, especially in British English.

The committee are divided over the issue.

💡 Memory Trick

ONE GROUP → Singular 👥➡️1

INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS → Plural 👥➡️👤👤👤

✅ Examples

🏏 The team is performing well.

👨‍💼 The committee has taken a decision.

👨‍👩‍👧 The family is planning a trip.

🗣️ The members of the committee are arguing among themselves.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ The team are winning the match.
✅ The team is winning the match.

❌ The committee have reached a decision.
✅ The committee has reached a decision.

📝 Practice

Choose the appropriate verb:

The team ___ (is/are) playing well.
The committee ___ (has/have) reached a decision.
The family ___ (is/are) planning a holiday.
The committee members ___ (is/are) discussing the issue.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Collective noun as one unit → Singular verb
🔹 Collective noun emphasizing individual members → Plural verb may be used
🔹 Team, committee, family, audience, jury, government → Common collective nouns

💡 Ask: “One unit or individual members?”

📘 Rule 23J: Nouns Ending in “-s” but Taking a Singular Verb

📖 Rule

Some nouns end in -s but represent a single subject, concept, or field of study. These nouns generally take a singular verb.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

कुछ nouns के अंत में -s होता है, लेकिन वे एक subject, field या concept को दर्शाते हैं। इसलिए इनके साथ singular verb आता है।

📊 Common Examples

Noun	Correct Example
Mathematics	Mathematics is difficult.
Physics	Physics is an interesting subject.
Economics	Economics is an important subject.
Politics	Politics is a complex field.
News	The news is shocking.

📌 Important Rule

Do not assume that a noun ending in -s is plural.

Mathematics is my favourite subject.

The news is surprising.

Economics is an important discipline.

These words may look plural but function as singular nouns in these meanings.

💡 Memory Trick

Ends in -S ≠ Always Plural 🚨

Mathematics → is
Physics → is
Economics → is
News → is

✅ Examples

📐 Mathematics is an important subject.

🔬 Physics is fascinating.

📊 Economics is taught at many universities.

📰 The news is shocking.

🏛️ Politics is often complicated.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Mathematics are difficult.
✅ Mathematics is difficult.

❌ The news are shocking.
✅ The news is shocking.

❌ Economics are an important subject.
✅ Economics is an important subject.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

Mathematics ___ (is/are) my favourite subject.
The news ___ (is/are) shocking.
Physics ___ (is/are) difficult for some students.
Economics ___ (is/are) an important discipline.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Mathematics → Singular
🔹 Physics → Singular
🔹 Economics → Singular
🔹 Politics → Singular when referring to the field/activity
🔹 News → Singular

💡 A final “-s” does not automatically mean a plural verb.

📘 Rule 23K: Plural Form Nouns with Singular Meaning

📖 Rule

Some nouns are plural in form but refer to a single item, instrument, or concept. When used with this singular meaning, they generally take a singular verb.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

कुछ nouns दिखने में plural होते हैं, लेकिन वे एक वस्तु या एक concept को दर्शाते हैं। ऐसे nouns के साथ सामान्यतः singular verb आता है।

📊 Common Examples

Noun	Correct Example
News	The news is encouraging.
Politics	Politics is a complicated subject.
Mathematics	Mathematics is difficult for some students.
Measles	Measles is a contagious disease.
Rickets	Rickets is caused by vitamin D deficiency.

📌 Important Rule

The form of the noun may look plural, but its meaning is singular.

The news is encouraging.

Politics is a complex subject.

Mathematics is an important discipline.

Measles is a contagious disease.

💡 Memory Trick

Plural-looking ≠ Always plural 🎯

Ask: “Does it represent one subject, concept, or disease?”

If yes → usually singular verb.

✅ Examples

📰 The news is encouraging.

🏛️ Politics is a complex subject.

📐 Mathematics is interesting.

🩺 Measles is a contagious disease.

🦴 Rickets is a deficiency disease.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ The news are encouraging.
✅ The news is encouraging.

❌ Mathematics are difficult.
✅ Mathematics is difficult.

❌ Measles are contagious.
✅ Measles is contagious.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

The news ___ (is/are) encouraging.
Mathematics ___ (is/are) difficult.
Politics ___ (is/are) complicated.
Measles ___ (is/are) contagious.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 News → is
🔹 Mathematics → is
🔹 Politics → is
🔹 Measles → is
🔹 Rickets → is

💡 Judge the meaning, not merely the “-s” ending.

📘 Rule 23L: Nouns That Are Always Plural

📖 Rule

Some nouns normally exist only in plural form and take a plural verb. They often refer to objects consisting of two joined parts.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

कुछ nouns सामान्यतः केवल plural form में प्रयोग होते हैं और इनके साथ plural verb आता है। इनमें अक्सर दो जुड़े हुए parts होते हैं।

📊 Common Examples

Plural Noun	Correct Example
Scissors	These scissors are sharp.
Trousers	These trousers are expensive.
Shorts	These shorts are comfortable.
Spectacles	My spectacles are broken.
Clothes	Her clothes are clean.

📌 Important Rule

These nouns normally take a plural verb.

My scissors are sharp.

His trousers are new.

Her spectacles are broken.

The clothes are clean.

⚠️ Important Exception

When we use a pair of, the subject becomes pair, which is singular.

A pair of scissors is on the table.

A pair of trousers is missing.

Two pairs of scissors are on the table.

💡 Memory Trick

Scissors / Trousers / Spectacles → Plural 👖✂️👓

But:
A pair of → Singular

✅ Examples

✂️ These scissors are sharp.

👖 My trousers are new.

👓 His spectacles are broken.

👕 Her clothes are clean.

✂️ A pair of scissors is on the desk.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ My scissors is sharp.
✅ My scissors are sharp.

❌ A pair of scissors are on the table.
✅ A pair of scissors is on the table.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

These scissors ___ (is/are) sharp.
My trousers ___ (is/are) new.
Her spectacles ___ (is/are) broken.
A pair of scissors ___ (is/are) on the desk.
Two pairs of trousers ___ (is/are) missing.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Scissors → Plural
🔹 Trousers → Plural
🔹 Spectacles → Plural
🔹 Clothes → Plural
🔹 A pair of + plural noun → Singular
🔹 Two pairs of + plural noun → Plural

📘 Rule 23M: “The Rich”, “The Poor”, “The Elderly” and Other Adjectives Used as Nouns

📖 Rule

When the + adjective is used to represent a whole class of people, it takes a plural verb.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

जब the + adjective का प्रयोग किसी पूरे वर्ग के लोगों के लिए किया जाता है, तो उसके साथ plural verb का प्रयोग होता है।

📊 Common Structures

Expression	Meaning	Example
The rich	Rich people	The rich are not always happy.
The poor	Poor people	The poor need support.
The elderly	Elderly people	The elderly deserve respect.
The unemployed	Unemployed people	The unemployed are seeking jobs.

📌 Important Rule

The + adjective can represent a group of people.

The rich are not necessarily happier.

The poor need government support.

The elderly deserve proper care.

The unemployed are looking for opportunities.

💡 Memory Trick

THE + ADJECTIVE = A GROUP OF PEOPLE → PLURAL 👥

The rich → rich people → are
The poor → poor people → are

✅ Examples

💰 The rich are not always satisfied.

🤝 The poor need assistance.

👴 The elderly deserve respect.

💼 The unemployed are searching for jobs.

🏠 The homeless need shelter.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ The rich is not always happy.
✅ The rich are not always happy.

❌ The unemployed is looking for jobs.
✅ The unemployed are looking for jobs.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

The rich ___ (is/are) not always happy.
The poor ___ (needs/need) support.
The elderly ___ (deserves/deserve) respect.
The unemployed ___ (is/are) seeking jobs.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 The rich → plural
🔹 The poor → plural
🔹 The elderly → plural
🔹 The unemployed → plural
🔹 The homeless → plural

💡 The + adjective representing people → Plural verb

📘 Rule 23N: “The + Adjective” Used as an Abstract Idea

📖 Rule

When the + adjective refers to an abstract quality or condition rather than a group of people, it generally takes a singular verb.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

जब the + adjective किसी लोगों के समूह के बजाय किसी quality, condition या abstract idea को दर्शाता है, तो सामान्यतः singular verb आता है।

📊 Compare the Meaning

Expression	Meaning	Verb
The rich	Rich people	Plural
The poor	Poor people	Plural
The unknown	An abstract/unknown realm or concept	Singular
The beautiful	Beauty as an abstract idea	Singular

📌 Important Rule

The meaning determines the verb.

The rich are influential.
→ “the rich” = rich people → plural

The beautiful is often difficult to define.
→ “the beautiful” = an abstract concept → singular

The unknown remains frightening.
→ “the unknown” = an abstract idea → singular

💡 Memory Trick

THE + ADJECTIVE = PEOPLE → PLURAL 👥

THE + ADJECTIVE = IDEA/QUALITY → SINGULAR 💡

✅ Examples

👥 The poor need assistance.

👥 The elderly deserve respect.

💡 The unknown is often frightening.

🎨 The beautiful is difficult to define.

⚖️ The good is sometimes difficult to distinguish from the bad.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ The unknown are frightening.
✅ The unknown is frightening.

❌ The beautiful are difficult to define.
✅ The beautiful is difficult to define.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

The unknown ___ (is/are) frightening.
The rich ___ (is/are) powerful.
The beautiful ___ (is/are) difficult to define.
The elderly ___ (is/are) deserving of respect.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 The rich → people → plural
🔹 The poor → people → plural
🔹 The elderly → people → plural
🔹 The unknown → abstract idea → singular
🔹 The beautiful → abstract idea → singular

💡 Meaning decides the verb.

📘 Rule 23O: “There is” / “There are”

📖 Rule

In sentences beginning with there is or there are, the verb agrees with the real subject that follows it.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

“There” असली subject नहीं होता। Verb, “there” के बाद आने वाले real subject के अनुसार होता है।

📊 Basic Structure

Real Subject	Correct Form	Example
Singular noun	There is	There is a book on the table.
Uncountable noun	There is	There is some water in the glass.
Plural noun	There are	There are many books on the table.
Plural noun	There are	There are several students outside.

📌 Important Rule

Do not choose the verb according to there.

There is a problem.

There are several problems.

There is some information available.

There are many reasons for the decision.

💡 Memory Trick

THERE → Look to the right 👀

Singular / uncountable subject → is
Plural subject → are

✅ Examples

📖 There is a book on the table.

💧 There is some water in the bottle.

📚 There are many books in the library.

👨‍🎓 There are several students outside.

⚠️ There is a serious problem.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ There are a problem.
✅ There is a problem.

❌ There is many reasons.
✅ There are many reasons.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

There ___ (is/are) a book on the table.
There ___ (is/are) several students outside.
There ___ (is/are) some water in the glass.
There ___ (is/are) many reasons for the delay.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 There + singular noun → There is
🔹 There + uncountable noun → There is
🔹 There + plural noun → There are

💡 “There” is not the real subject.

📘 Rule 23P: “There” with Compound Subjects

📖 Rule

When there is followed by more than one subject, the verb generally agrees with the subject that comes immediately after the verb. In formal writing, restructuring the sentence to avoid ambiguity is often preferable.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

“There” वाले sentence में अगर एक से अधिक subjects हों, तो verb सामान्यतः उसके बाद आने वाले nearest subject के अनुसार आती है।

📊 Basic Structure

Structure	Example
There + singular + and + plural	There is a book and two pens on the table.
There + plural + and + singular	There are two pens and a book on the table.
There + plural subjects	There are several books and notebooks here.

📌 Important Rule

The verb normally agrees with the nearest subject in informal and standard usage.

There is a book and two pens on the table.

There are two pens and a book on the table.

Notice how changing the order changes the verb.

💡 Memory Trick

THERE + Multiple Subjects → Look at the nearest subject 👀

Nearest singular → is
Nearest plural → are

✅ Examples

📖 There is a book and two pens on the desk.

🖊️ There are two pens and a book on the desk.

🏠 There is a house and several trees near the road.

🌳 There are several trees and a house near the road.

⚠️ Exam Tip

In formal examination or professional writing, it is often clearer to avoid awkward compound constructions.

Instead of:
There is a book and two pens on the table.

Prefer:
There are two pens and a book on the table.

This makes the agreement with the plural subject immediately clear.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ There are a book and two pens on the table.
✅ There is a book and two pens on the table.

❌ There is two pens and a book on the table.
✅ There are two pens and a book on the table.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

There ___ (is/are) a pen and two books on the desk.
There ___ (is/are) two books and a pen on the desk.
There ___ (is/are) a teacher and several students in the room.
There ___ (is/are) several students and a teacher in the room.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 There + singular subject → is
🔹 There + plural subject → are
🔹 Compound subjects → normally follow the nearest subject

💡 Look immediately after the verb.

📘 Rule 23Q: Relative Pronouns — “Who”, “Which”, “That”

📖 Rule

A relative pronoun such as who, which, or that takes a verb according to the antecedent (the noun it refers to), not according to the noun immediately before the verb.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Who, which और that जिस noun को refer करते हैं, verb उसी noun के number के अनुसार आती है। पास वाले noun को देखकर verb नहीं लगानी चाहिए।

📊 Basic Structure

Antecedent	Relative Pronoun	Correct Verb
The boy	who	works
The boys	who	work
The book	that	is
The books	that	are

📌 Important Rule

First identify the noun to which the relative pronoun refers.

The boy who works hard will succeed.
→ who = boy → singular → works

The boys who work hard will succeed.
→ who = boys → plural → work

The books that are on the table belong to me.
→ that = books → plural → are

💡 Memory Trick

WHO / WHICH / THAT → Look backward 👀

Find the noun they refer to → then choose the verb.

✅ Examples

👨 The student who studies regularly performs well.

👨‍🎓 The students who study regularly perform well.

📖 The book that is on the table belongs to me.

📚 The books that are on the table belong to me.

👩 The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ The boy who work hard will succeed.
✅ The boy who works hard will succeed.

❌ The students who studies hard will succeed.
✅ The students who study hard will succeed.

🎯 Competitive Exam Trap

The presence of another noun between the antecedent and the relative pronoun can be misleading.

The boy who lives with his parents is intelligent.

Here, who = boy, not parents.Therefore:
who lives ✅
not who live ❌

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

The boy who ___ (work/works) hard will succeed.
The students who ___ (study/studies) regularly perform well.
The books that ___ (is/are) on the table are mine.
The teacher who ___ (teach/teaches) us English is experienced.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Who/which/that → identify its antecedent
🔹 Singular antecedent → singular verb
🔹 Plural antecedent → plural verb

💡 Don’t choose the verb by looking at the nearest noun.

📘 Rule 23R: “One of those who…” vs “The only one of those who…”

📖 Rule

When one of those who is used, the relative pronoun who normally refers to the plural noun those, so the verb after who is plural.

However, in the only one of those who, who refers to the only one, so the verb after who is singular.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

यह competitive exams में बहुत important structure है।

One of those who… → who = those → plural verb
The only one of those who… → who = the only one → singular verb

📊 Compare Carefully

Structure	Correct Example
One of those who + plural verb	He is one of those students who work hard.
One of those who + plural verb	She is one of those candidates who have qualified.
The only one of those who + singular verb	He is the only one of those students who works hard.
The only one of those who + singular verb	She is the only one of those candidates who has qualified.

📌 Important Rule

### 1️⃣ One of those who…
He is one of those students who work hard.

Here, who refers to students.
Students → plural → work

### 2️⃣ The only one of those who…
He is the only one of those students who works hard.

Here, who refers to the only one.
One → singular → works

💡 Memory Trick

ONE OF THOSE WHO → PLURAL 👥

THE ONLY ONE OF THOSE WHO → SINGULAR 🎯

✅ Examples

👨 He is one of those employees who work sincerely.

👩 She is one of those students who have performed well.

🎯 He is the only one of those employees who works sincerely.

🏆 She is the only one of those students who has performed well.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ He is one of those students who works hard.
✅ He is one of those students who work hard.

❌ She is the only one of those students who have qualified.
✅ She is the only one of those students who has qualified.

🎯 Competitive Exam Trap

He is one of those students who works hard. ❌

He is one of those students who work hard. ✅

But:

He is the only one of those students who works hard. ✅

This distinction is frequently tested in error-detection questions.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

He is one of those students who ___ (work/works) hard.
She is one of those candidates who ___ (have/has) qualified.
He is the only one of those students who ___ (work/works) hard.
She is the only one of those candidates who ___ (have/has) qualified.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 One of those who work…
🔹 One of those who have…

🔹 The only one of those who works…
🔹 The only one of those who has…

💡 ONE OF THOSE → PLURAL
💡 THE ONLY ONE OF THOSE → SINGULAR

📘 Rule 23S: “Who” after “I” and “He/She”

📖 Rule

When a relative clause begins with who, the verb inside that clause agrees with the noun or pronoun that who refers to. The form of the main subject does not control the relative-clause verb.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

Relative clause में who जिस व्यक्ति को refer करता है, verb उसी के अनुसार आती है। Main clause का subject relative clause की verb को control नहीं करता।

📊 Basic Structure

Sentence	Why?
I am the person who is responsible.	who = person → singular → is
We are the people who are responsible.	who = people → plural → are
She is one of those who work hard.	who = those → plural → work
He is the only one who works hard.	who = one → singular → works

📌 Important Rule

Don’t let I / we / he / she / they in the main clause confuse you.

I am the person who is responsible.
Here, who refers to person, not “I”.

We are the people who are responsible.
Here, who refers to people.

The antecedent controls the relative-clause verb.

💡 Memory Trick

WHO → Find its antecedent 🎯

Then decide:
Singular → is / has / works
Plural → are / have / work

✅ Examples

👤 I am the person who is responsible.

👥 We are the people who are responsible.

👨 He is the person who has completed the task.

👩 They are the people who have completed the task.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ I am the person who are responsible.
✅ I am the person who is responsible.

❌ We are the people who is responsible.
✅ We are the people who are responsible.

🎯 Competitive Exam Tip

In error-detection questions, mentally replace who with the noun it refers to.

I am the person who is responsible.
Think:
“The person is responsible.”

This makes the correct verb much easier to identify.

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

I am the person who ___ (is/are) responsible.
We are the people who ___ (is/are) responsible.
She is the person who ___ (has/have) completed the work.
They are the people who ___ (has/have) completed the work.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Who → antecedent controls the verb
🔹 Person → who is / who has
🔹 People → who are / who have

💡 Never choose the relative-clause verb merely from the main subject.

📘 Rule 23T: “What” as a Subject

📖 Rule

When what introduces a clause and functions as its subject, the verb depends on the meaning and number of the noun or idea represented by what.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

जब what किसी clause में subject का काम करता है, तो verb उस चीज़ या idea के अनुसार आती है जिसे “what” represent करता है।

📊 Common Patterns

Pattern	Example
What + singular idea	What he says is true.
What + singular idea	What she needs is a break.
What + plural things	What we need are more resources.
What + plural things	What he bought were books.

📌 Important Rule

In sentences with what, first identify what the clause is referring to.

What he says is true.
→ “What he says” = one idea → is

What she needs is a break.
→ “What she needs” = one thing → is

When the intended meaning is plural:
What we need are more resources.
→ “more resources” = plural items → are

💡 Memory Trick

WHAT = Ask “What things/idea?” 🎯

One idea/thing → is
Multiple things → are

✅ Examples

💬 What he says is true.

🎯 What she wants is a new opportunity.

📚 What we need are more books.

📝 What the students need is more practice.

💡 What matters is your effort.

🎯 Competitive Exam Tip

In many exam questions, the structure is:

What + clause + is/are + complement

Don’t automatically use is just because “what” looks singular.Instead, check whether the complement represents a singular idea or multiple items.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ What he says are true.
✅ What he says is true.

❌ What she needs are a break.
✅ What she needs is a break.

📝 Practice

Choose the appropriate verb:

What he says ___ (is/are) true.
What she needs ___ (is/are) a break.
What we need ___ (is/are) more resources.
What matters most ___ (is/are) your efforts.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 What he says → one idea → is
🔹 What she needs → one thing → is
🔹 What we need → multiple things → are

💡 With “what”, understand the meaning before choosing the verb.

📘 Rule 23U: “Each” and “Every” with Compound Nouns

📖 Rule

When each or every is used before two or more nouns joined by and, the verb remains singular because each individual member is considered separately.

🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें

जब each या every का प्रयोग दो nouns के साथ किया जाता है, तो focus individuals पर होता है। इसलिए verb सामान्यतः singular होती है।

📊 Basic Structure

Structure	Correct Example
Each + noun + and + noun	Each boy and girl is given a certificate.
Every + noun + and + noun	Every man and woman is welcome.
Each of + plural noun	Each of the students is ready.
Every + singular noun	Every student is ready.

📌 Important Rule

Each and every are distributive determiners. They focus on members individually.

Each boy and girl is given a certificate.

Every man and woman is invited.

Do not let the second noun make you use a plural verb.

💡 Memory Trick

EACH / EVERY → Think ONE BY ONE ☝️

Therefore:
Each… is
Every… is

✅ Examples

👦👧 Each boy and girl is given a certificate.

👨👩 Every man and woman is welcome.

📚 Each student and teacher is responsible for following the rules.

🏠 Every house and building is inspected.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Each boy and girl are given a certificate.
✅ Each boy and girl is given a certificate.

❌ Every man and woman are welcome.
✅ Every man and woman is welcome.

🎯 Competitive Exam Trap

Compare:

The boy and the girl are present.
→ Two subjects → plural

But:
Each boy and girl is present.
→ Each considers them individually → singular

📝 Practice

Choose the correct verb:

Each boy and girl ___ (is/are) given a certificate.
Every man and woman ___ (is/are) invited.
Each student and teacher ___ (has/have) received an ID card.
Every house and building ___ (is/are) inspected.

⭐ Quick Revision

🔹 Each → singular verb
🔹 Every → singular verb
🔹 Each + A and B → singular verb
🔹 Every + A and B → singular verb

💡 Each/Every = one at a time → singular.