📘 Rule 1 : Sentence
Grammar Master Course | Adept Yourself
💬 What is a Sentence?
🗣️ A Sentence is a group of words that gives a complete meaning.
👦 Subject + 🏃 Verb + 💡 Complete Meaning = ✅ Sentence
💡 Easy Trick
👦 + 🏃 = ✅ Sentence
No Subject ❌No Verb ❌No Meaning ❌
🌟 Examples
👧 + 📖 + 📚
✅ The dog barks.🐶 + 🗣️
✅ They are happy.😊
❌ Common Mistakes
(No Subject)
❌ The boy.
(No Verb)
🇮🇳 Hindi Explanation
Sentence शब्दों का ऐसा समूह होता है जो पूरा अर्थ देता है।
हर Sentence में सामान्यतः Subject और Verb होते हैं।
📝 Practice
✔ Sentence / ❌ Not a Sentence?
2️⃣ Playing football.
✔ Sentence / ❌ Not a Sentence?
👦 Rule 2 : Subject
A Subject tells us who or what the sentence is about.
📖 Rule
👦 The Subject is the doer of the action or the person, animal, place, or thing we are talking about.
💡 Easy Trick
Ask yourself:Who? 🤔orWhat? 🤔The answer is the Subject.
✅ Examples
👧 Riya reads a book.
🐶 The dog is barking.
🚆 The train arrived late.
🌳 The tree is very tall.
❌ Common Mistakes
❌ Reads a book.
(No Subject)
❌ Playing football.
(No Subject)
🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें
जिसके बारे में बात की जा रही हो, उसे Subject कहते हैं।
👧 रीया किताब पढ़ती है।
“रीया” Subject है।
🎯 Exam Tip
पहले Subject पहचानिए, फिर Verb पहचानिए।SSC, Banking और CBSE में यह बहुत पूछा जाता है।
📝 Practice
- Ram is sleeping.
- The cat is drinking milk.
- My brother plays cricket.
- The flowers smell sweet.
Find the Subject.
✔ Answers
- Ram
- The cat
- My brother
- The flowers
⭐ Quick Revision
✔ Subject tells us Who? or What?
👦 Subject + 🏃 Verb = Complete Sentence
🏃 Rule 3 : Verb
A Verb is an action word or a state of being. It tells us what the subject does, has, or is.
📖 Rule
Every complete sentence must have a Verb.
Without a verb, a sentence is incomplete.
💡 Easy Trick
Ask yourself:What is the subject doing? 🤔The answer is the Verb.
✅ Examples
👧 Riya reads a book.
🏏 Virat plays cricket.
🐶 The dog barks loudly.
👦 The baby is sleeping.
🚗 The car moves fast.
❌ Common Mistakes
❌ Riya a book.
(No Verb)
❌ The boy happy.
Missing verb is
✅ The boy is happy.
🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें
जो शब्द किसी कार्य (Action) या स्थिति (State) को बताता है, उसे Verb कहते हैं।
👧 रीया किताब पढ़ती है।
“पढ़ती है” Verb है।
🎯 Exam Tip
Verb सिर्फ Action नहीं बताती।is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had भी Verbs हैं।
📝 Practice
- Birds fly in the sky.
- She sings beautifully.
- My father is a doctor.
- They have a new car.
- The children are playing.
Find the Verb.
✔ Answers
- fly
- sings
- is
- have
- are playing
⭐ Quick Revision
✔ Verb tells us the action or state.
👦 Subject + 🏃 Verb = ✅ Complete Sentence
🧠 Remember
Subject = Who?
Verb = Does What?
🎯 Rule 4 : Predicate
A Predicate is the part of a sentence that tells us what the subject does, is, or has.
📖 Rule
Sentence = Subject + Predicate
The Predicate always contains the Verb.
💡 Easy Trick
👦 Subject = Who?
🏃 Predicate = What about the Subject?
✅ Examples
👧 Riya reads a story every night.
🐶 The dog is barking loudly.
👨 My father works in a bank.
🌞 The sun rises in the east.
❌ Common Mistakes
❌ Riya.
(No Predicate)
❌ The boy.
(No Predicate)
✅ Riya reads a story.
✅ The boy is playing.
🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें
Subject के बारे में जो भी जानकारी दी जाती है, उसे Predicate कहते हैं।
👧 रीया किताब पढ़ती है।
रीया = Subject
किताब पढ़ती है = Predicate
🎯 Exam Tip
Predicate की शुरुआत अक्सर Verb से होती है।पहले Subject पहचानिए, बाकी हिस्सा सामान्यतः Predicate होगा.
📝 Practice
- The baby is sleeping peacefully.
- Birds fly in the sky.
- My sister sings beautifully.
- The students are writing notes.
Find the Predicate.
✔ Answers
- is sleeping peacefully
- fly in the sky
- sings beautifully
- are writing notes
⭐ Quick Revision
✔ Sentence = Subject + Predicate
✔ Predicate always contains a Verb.
✔ Predicate tells us something about the Subject.
🧩 Rule 5 : Parts of Speech
Parts of Speech are the different types of words used in English. Every word belongs to one of these groups.
📖 Rule
There are 8 Parts of Speech in English Grammar.
💡 Easy Trick
🧠 Remember:NNPVAACI
🔵 Noun
🟢 Pronoun
🟣 Verb
🟠 Adjective
🟡 Adverb
🔴 Preposition
🟤 Conjunction
⚪ Interjection
📚 The 8 Parts of Speech
| Picture | Part of Speech | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 🍎 | Noun | Apple, Boy, School |
| 👦 | Pronoun | He, She, It |
| 🏃 | Verb | Run, Eat, Sleep |
| 🌹 | Adjective | Beautiful, Tall |
| ⚡ | Adverb | Quickly, Slowly |
| 📍 | Preposition | In, On, Under |
| 🔗 | Conjunction | And, But, Or |
| 😲 | Interjection | Wow!, Hurrah! |
🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें
अंग्रेज़ी के हर शब्द का एक काम होता है।उसी काम के आधार पर उसे **Parts of Speech** में रखा जाता है।
🎯 Exam Tip
SSC, Banking, NDA, CDS और CBSE में **Parts of Speech** से जुड़े प्रश्न बहुत पूछे जाते हैं।
📝 Practice
Identify the Part of Speech:
- Riya is beautiful.
- He runs fast.
- The cat is under the table.
- Wow! You did it.
✔ Answers
- Beautiful → Adjective
- Runs → Verb
- Under → Preposition
- Wow → Interjection
⭐ Quick Revision
📌 English has **8 Parts of Speech.**
🍎 Noun • 👦 Pronoun • 🏃 Verb • 🌹 Adjective
⚡ Adverb • 📍 Preposition • 🔗 Conjunction • 😲 Interjection
🍎 Rule 6 : Noun
A Noun is the name of a person, place, animal, thing, or idea.
📖 Definition
A noun is a naming word. Whenever you name someone or something, you are using a noun.
💡 Easy Memory Trick
Remember PPATI
- 👨 P = Person
- 🏫 P = Place
- 🐶 A = Animal
- 📚 T = Thing
- 💖 I = Idea / Feeling
✅ Examples
| Picture | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 👩 | Person | Riya, Doctor, Teacher |
| 🏫 | Place | School, Delhi, Park |
| 🐘 | Animal | Elephant, Dog, Cat |
| 📖 | Thing | Book, Pen, Chair |
| ❤️ | Idea / Feeling | Love, Honesty, Kindness |
🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें
जिस शब्द से किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, पशु, वस्तु या भाव का नाम पता चलता है, उसे Noun कहते हैं।
उदाहरण:👨 राम🏫 स्कूल🐄 गाय📚 किताब❤️ प्रेम
🎯 Exam Tip
हर नाम Noun नहीं होता, लेकिन किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, वस्तु, पशु या भाव का नाम हमेशा Noun होता है.
❌ Common Mistakes
❌ Run is a Noun.
✅ Run is usually a Verb.
❌ Beautiful is a Noun.
✅ Beautiful is an Adjective.
📝 Practice
Find the Noun:
- The boy is playing football.
- My mother cooked food.
- The lion lives in the forest.
- Honesty is the best policy.
- Delhi is the capital of India.
✔ Answers
- boy, football
- mother, food
- lion, forest
- Honesty, policy
- Delhi, India, capital
⭐ Quick Revision
🍎 Noun = Name
👨 Person🏫 Place🐶 Animal📚 Thing❤️ Idea / Feeling
🌟 Types of Nouns
There are 5 main types of nouns. Learning them helps you identify nouns quickly in exams and everyday English.
| Icon | Type | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 👦 | Proper Noun | Specific Name |
| 🏫 | Common Noun | General Name |
| 👨👩👧👦 | Collective Noun | Group Name |
| 🥛 | Material Noun | Material or Substance |
| ❤️ | Abstract Noun | Quality, Feeling or Idea |
👑 A. Proper Noun
A Proper Noun is the special name of a particular person, place or thing.
- 👦 Rahul
- 🏙️ Kolkata
- 🇮🇳 India
- 🏫 Delhi Public School
Proper Nouns always begin with a Capital Letter.
📚 B. Common Noun
A Common Noun is a general name of a person, place, animal or thing.
- 👨 boy
- 👩 girl
- 🏫 school
- 🐕 dog
- 📖 book
👨👩👧👦 C. Collective Noun
A Collective Noun names a group of people, animals or things.
- 👨🎓 Class
- 🎵 Team
- 🐟 School of fish
- 🐑 Flock of sheep
- 🌸 Bunch of flowers
🥛 D. Material Noun
A Material Noun names the material or substance from which things are made.
- 🥇 Gold
- 🥛 Milk
- 🌾 Wheat
- 🪵 Wood
- 🧂 Salt
❤️ E. Abstract Noun
An Abstract Noun names a feeling, quality, idea or state that cannot be seen or touched.
- ❤️ Love
- 😊 Happiness
- 🎯 Honesty
- 💪 Courage
- 🤝 Kindness
🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें
- 👑 Proper Noun = किसी का विशेष नाम
- 📚 Common Noun = सामान्य नाम
- 👨👩👧👦 Collective Noun = समूह का नाम
- 🥛 Material Noun = पदार्थ का नाम
- ❤️ Abstract Noun = भाव या गुण का नाम
📝 Practice
Identify the type of noun:
- Delhi
- Teacher
- Gold
- Honesty
- Army
✔ Answers
- Proper Noun
- Common Noun
- Material Noun
- Abstract Noun
- Collective Noun
🔢 Rule 7 : Singular & Plural Nouns
A noun can refer to one person, place, animal, or thing
✂️ Rule 8 : Nouns That Are Always Plural
Some nouns are used only in the plural form. They usually take a plural verb.
📖 Rule
Words like scissors, trousers, spectacles, jeans are treated as plural.
✅ Examples
| 🖼️ | Word | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|
| ✂️ | Scissors | The scissors are sharp. |
| 👖 | Trousers | My trousers are new. |
| 👓 | Spectacles | His spectacles are broken. |
| 👖 | Jeans | These jeans are comfortable. |
| 🎧 | Headphones | My headphones are working. |
💡 Easy Trick
If a word has two connected parts and is normally used as a pair, it often takes a plural verb.
✂️ Scissors = two blades
👓 Spectacles = two lenses
❌ Common Mistakes
❌ My jeans is new.
✅ My jeans are new.
❌ The scissors is on the table.
✅ The scissors are on the table.
🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें
कुछ शब्द हमेशा बहुवचन (Plural) की तरह प्रयोग होते हैं।
✂️ Scissors = कैंची
👖 Trousers = पतलून
👓 Spectacles = चश्मा
🎯 Exam Tip
इन शब्दों के साथ is नहीं, बल्कि are का प्रयोग होता है।
📝 Practice
Choose the correct option:
-
My trousers ___ dirty.
(a) is
(b) are -
The scissors ___ on the desk.
(a) is
(b) are -
These jeans ___ expensive.
(a) is
(b) are
✔ Answers
- are
- are
- are
⭐ Quick Revision
✂️ Scissors → are
👖 Trousers → are
👓 Spectacles → are
👖 Jeans → are
🔗 Rule 9 : Plural of Compound Nouns
A Compound Noun is made of two or more words joined together to form one meaning.
📖 Rule
In compound nouns, usually the main word becomes plural.
✅ Examples
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| 👩🏫 Mother-in-law | Mothers-in-law |
| 👨👩👦 Father-in-law | Fathers-in-law |
| 👮♂️ Police officer | Police officers |
| 🪥 Toothbrush | Toothbrushes |
| 🏫 Schoolbag | Schoolbags |
| 👟 Shoe shop | Shoe shops |
💡 Easy Trick
Find the important person or thing in the compound word and make that plural.
Mother-in-law → Mothers + in-law
Passer-by → Passers + by
📌 Special Examples
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| 👤 Passer-by | Passers-by |
| 👤 Brother-in-law | Brothers-in-law |
| 👤 Commander-in-chief | Commanders-in-chief |
| 👤 Looker-on | Lookers-on |
❌ Common Mistakes
❌ Mother-in-laws
✅ Mothers-in-law
❌ Brother-in-laws
✅ Brothers-in-law
❌ Passer-bys
✅ Passers-by
🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें
Compound noun में पूरे शब्द को plural नहीं बनाते, बल्कि मुख्य शब्द को plural बनाते हैं।
Mother-in-law → Mothers-in-law
(सास / ससुराल संबंधी मुख्य शब्द Mother है)
🎯 Exam Tip
Competitive exams में Mother-in-law, Brother-in-law, Passer-by जैसे words अक्सर पूछे जाते हैं।
📝 Practice
Write the plural forms:
- Brother-in-law → ______
- Mother-in-law → ______
- Passer-by → ______
- Toothbrush → ______
- Commander-in-chief → ______
✔ Answers
- Brothers-in-law
- Mothers-in-law
- Passers-by
- Toothbrushes
- Commanders-in-chief
⭐ Quick Revision
🔗 Compound Noun Rule:
Plural = Make the main word plural.
✔ Mother-in-law → Mothers-in-law
✔ Passer-by → Passers-by
🔤 Rule 10 : Plural of Letters, Numbers & Abbreviations
Sometimes we need to make letters, numbers, or short forms plural. We usually add ‘s.
📖 Rule
Use apostrophe + s (‘s) to make single letters and numbers plural.
✅ Examples: Letters
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| A | A’s |
| B | B’s |
| Vowel | Vowels / A’s, E’s, I’s, O’s, U’s |
Example:
✔ There are two A’s in this word.
🔢 Examples: Numbers
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| 7 | 7’s |
| 1990 | 1990’s |
Example:
✔ The 1990’s were a different time.
🌍 Rule 12 : Plural of Foreign Words
Some words borrowed from other languages keep their original plural forms.
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| 📄 Curriculum | Curricula |
| 📊 Formula | Formulae / Formulas |
| 🦠 Bacterium | Bacteria |
| 📋 Datum | Data |
| 📐 Radius | Radii |
💡 Memory Trick
Latin words often change:
-um → -a
Bacterium → Bacteria
-us → -i
Radius → Radii
❌ Common Mistakes
❌ Two informations
✅ Two pieces of information
❌ Many data are wrong
✅ Much data is wrong / The data are wrong
❌ Criterions
✅ Criteria
📝 Practice
Write the plural:
- Bacterium → ______
- Radius → ______
- Datum → ______
- Curriculum → ______
- A → ______
✔ Answers
- Bacteria
- Radii
- Data
- Curricula
- A’s
⭐ Final Revision: Singular & Plural
- ➕ Add s → Book → Books
- ➕ Add es → Box → Boxes
- y → ies → Baby → Babies
- f/fe → ves → Leaf → Leaves
- Irregular → Man → Men
- Uncountable → Advice, Information
- Compound → Mother-in-law → Mothers-in-law
📖 Rule
Singular = One 🧍
Plural = Two or More 🧍🧍
💡 Easy Memory Trick
Most nouns become plural by adding -s or -es.
✅ Common Examples
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| 📖 Book | 📚 Books |
| 🐶 Dog | 🐶🐶 Dogs |
| 🍎 Apple | 🍎🍎 Apples |
| 🚗 Car | 🚗🚗 Cars |
📌 Rule A: Add -s
book → books
pen → pens
chair → chairs
📌 Rule B: Add -es
box → boxes
bus → buses
watch → watches
brush → brushes
📌 Rule c: Change y → ies
baby → babies
city → cities
story → stories
❗ If there is a vowel before y, just add -s.
toy → toys
boy → boys
📌 Rule D: Change f / fe → ves
leaf → leaves
knife → knives
wife → wives
❌ Common Mistakes
❌ childs
✅ children
❌ mans
✅ men
❌ womans
✅ women
🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें
एक व्यक्ति या वस्तु = Singular
एक से अधिक = Plural
📚 किताब → किताबें
👦 लड़का → लड़के
📝 Practice
- Cat → ?
- Bus → ?
- Baby → ?
- Knife → ?
- Woman → ?
✔ Answers
- Cats
- Buses
- Babies
- Knives
- Women
⭐ Quick Revision
- ➕ Add -s → books
- ➕ Add -es → boxes
- y → ies → babies
- f → ves → leaves
- Remember irregular plurals: men, women, children, feet, teeth, mice.
🌟 Special Plural Rules
Not all nouns follow the normal +s or +es rule. Some have special plural forms.
👨 Rule E : Irregular Plurals
These nouns completely change their spelling.
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| 👨 Man | 👨👨 Men |
| 👩 Woman | 👩👩 Women |
| 👶 Child | 👧👦 Children |
| 🦷 Tooth | 🦷 Teeth |
| 👣 Foot | 👣 Feet |
| 🐭 Mouse | 🐭🐭 Mice |
| 🪿 Goose | 🪿 Geese |
🐑 Rule F : Same Singular & Plural
Some nouns remain the same in both singular and plural forms.
| Word | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 🐑 Sheep | Sheep | Sheep |
| 🦌 Deer | Deer | Deer |
| 🐟 Fish* | Fish | Fish |
💡 Note: “Fishes” is also used in some scientific contexts when referring to different species.
🌍 Rule G : Foreign Plurals
Some English words come from Latin or Greek and have special plural forms.
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| Cactus 🌵 | Cacti |
| Radius 📏 | Radii |
| Phenomenon ✨ | Phenomena |
| Criterion 📋 | Criteria |
| Bacterium 🦠 | Bacteria |
❌ Common Exam Mistakes
- ❌ Childs → ✅ Children
- ❌ Informations → ✅ Information
- ❌ Furnitures → ✅ Furniture
- ❌ Luggages → ✅ Luggage
- ❌ Advices → ✅ Advice
🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें
- 👶 Child → 👧👦 Children
- 🐑 Sheep → Sheep
- 🦌 Deer → Deer
- 🌵 Cactus → Cacti
कुछ शब्द सामान्य नियमों का पालन नहीं करते, इसलिए इन्हें याद करना ज़रूरी है।
📝 Practice
- Mouse → ?
- Goose → ?
- Sheep → ?
- Criterion → ?
- Advice → ? (Plural?)
✔ Answers
- Mice
- Geese
- Sheep
- Criteria
- Advice (No plural form)
⭐ Memory Box
🧠 Remember these forever:
👨 Man → Men
👩 Woman → Women
👶 Child → Children
🦷 Tooth → Teeth
👣 Foot → Feet
🐭 Mouse → Mice
🪿 Goose → Geese
🚫 Rule 12: Nouns That Usually Have No Plural Form
Some nouns are uncountable. They usually do not take -s or -es.
📖 Rule
❌ Don’t add s or es to these nouns.
✅ Common Uncountable Nouns
| 🖼️ | Word | Correct Usage |
|---|---|---|
| ℹ️ | Information | some information |
| 💡 | Advice | a piece of advice |
| 🪑 | Furniture | some furniture |
| 🧳 | Luggage | my luggage |
| 📰 | News | The news is good. |
| 🍞 | Bread | a loaf of bread |
| 🍚 | Rice | some rice |
| 💧 | Water | a glass of water |
❌ Common Mistakes
❌ Informations
✅ Information
❌ Advices
✅ Advice
❌ Furnitures
✅ Furniture
❌ Luggages
✅ Luggage
💡 Easy Trick
If you cannot count it directly,don’t make it plural.
Use expressions like:
- 📄 a piece of advice
- ℹ️ a piece of information
- 🍞 a loaf of bread
- 💧 a bottle of water
🇮🇳 हिन्दी में समझें
कुछ संज्ञाएँ (Nouns) गिनी नहीं जा सकतीं।इसलिए इनके साथ s या es नहीं लगाया जाता।
✔ advice❌ advices
✔ information❌ informations
📝 Practice
- He gave me many ________.
(a) advices
(b) pieces of advice - The ________ is interesting.
(a) news
(b) newses - I need some ________.
(a) furniture
(b) furnitures
✔ Answers
- (b) pieces of advice
- (a) news
- (a) furniture
⭐ Quick Revision
- ✔ Information
- ✔ Advice
- ✔ Furniture
- ✔ Luggage
- ✔ News
- ✔ Bread
- ✔ Rice
- ✔ Water
Remember: These nouns normally do not have plural forms.
🏆 Singular & Plural Nouns: Final Practice Test
Test your knowledge with these exam-focused questions.
📝 Choose the Correct Plural Form
-
Child → ______
(a) Childs
(b) Children
(c) Childrens -
Knife → ______
(a) Knifes
(b) Knives
(c) Knifees -
Woman → ______
(a) Womans
(b) Women
(c) Womanses -
Box → ______
(a) Boxs
(b) Boxes
(c) Boxies -
Mother-in-law → ______
(a) Mother-in-laws
(b) Mothers-in-law
(c) Mothers-in-laws -
Information → ______
(a) Informations
(b) Pieces of information
(c) Informationes -
Cactus → ______
(a) Cactuses only
(b) Cacti
(c) Cactus -
Scissors ______ sharp.
(a) is
(b) are -
Baby → ______
(a) Babys
(b) Babies
(c) Babyes -
Foot → ______
(a) Foots
(b) Feet
(c) Feets
✔ Answers
- Children
- Knives
- Women
- Boxes
- Mothers-in-law
- Pieces of information
- Cacti
- are
- Babies
- Feet
🎯 Exam Error Detection
Find the mistake:
❌ He gave me many advices.
✅ He gave me much advice.
❌ The news are true.
✅ The news is true.
❌ My trousers is new.
✅ My trousers are new.
⭐ Singular & Plural Final Summary
🟢 Regular:
Book → Books
🟡 Special:
Box → Boxes
Baby → Babies
Leaf → Leaves
🔴 Irregular:
Man → Men
Woman → Women
Child → Children
Tooth → Teeth
Mouse → Mice
🔵 Uncountable:
Advice, Information, Furniture
🟣 Compound:
Mother-in-law → Mothers-in-law