🧾 CBSE Class 12 History (Course B) – Sample Paper Chapter 2: Bhakti-Sufi Traditions Full Marks: 100 Time: 3 HoursGeneral Instructions: Section A – Very Short Answer Questions (1 × 4 = 4 marks) Q1. What does the term Bhakti mean in Sanskrit?Answer: Bhakti means devotion or complete surrender to a personal god or goddess. It […]
Chapter 2 – Bhakti–Sufi Traditions: Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts (c. 8th to 18th Century) 1. A Mosaic of Religious Beliefs and Practices 1.1. The Pluralistic Religious Landscape 1.2. Temples and Pilgrimages 1.3. Image Worship and Rituals 1.4. Sacred Texts and Oral Traditions 1.5. Role of the Common People 2. Poems of Prayer
CBSE Class 12 Economics – Sample Paper (Production & Costs) CBSE Class 12 Economics – Sample PaperChapter: Production and Costs Maximum Marks: 50 Time: 90 minutes Section A – Very Short Answer Questions (1 mark each) 1. Define Production Function. (1) Answer: It shows the technical relationship between inputs and output, indicating the maximum output from
Sample Paper — Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition (CBSE style) Sample Paper — Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition Class: 12 / Undergraduate (CBSE-style) | Total Marks: 50 | Time: 1½ hours Instructions: Attempt all Sections. Section A: MCQs (1 mark each). Section B: Short answer (3 marks
Market Equilibrium — Study Guide (Chapter 5) — CBSE Class 12 Market Equilibrium — Study Guide (Chapter 5) — CBSE Class 12 1. What this chapter is about This chapter explains how market prices and quantities are determined by the interaction of demand and supply, what happens when they do not match (excess demand or
CBSE Sample Paper – Market Equilibrium (Class 12 Economics) CBSE Class 12 Economics – Sample Paper (Chapter 5: Market Equilibrium) Time: 3 Hours | Maximum Marks: 80 General Instructions: All questions are compulsory. Answer the questions briefly and to the point. Support answers with diagrams and equations wherever applicable. Marks for each question are indicated
🏛️ सीबीएसई नमूना प्रश्नपत्र – इतिहास (कक्षा 12) कोर्स B – अध्याय 1: यात्रियों की दृष्टि से समाज की झलक (Through the Eyes of Travellers) अधिकतम अंक: 30समय: 1½ घंटे(सभी प्रश्न अनिवार्य हैं) खंड – A (बहुत लघु उत्तर वाले प्रश्न) (प्रत्येक 1 अंक × 5 = 5 अंक) प्रश्न 1. अल-बिरूनी कौन था और
🏛️ CBSE SAMPLE PAPER – HISTORY (CLASS XII) Course B – Chapter 1: Through the Eyes of Travellers (Perceptions of Society) Maximum Marks: 30 (Full Chapter-based Test)Time: 1½ Hours(All Questions are Compulsory) SECTION – A (Very Short Answer Type) (1 mark each × 5 = 5 marks) Q1. Who was Al-Biruni and what was his
HISTORY – CLASS 12 (COURSE B) CHAPTER 1: THROUGH THE EYES OF TRAVELLERS PERCEPTIONS OF SOCIETY (c. Tenth to Seventeenth Century) 1. Introduction 2. Al-Biruni and the Kitab-ul-Hind (i) Background (ii) Kitab-ul-Hind (iii) Objective and Approach 3. Making Sense of an Alien World: Al-Biruni and the Sanskritic Tradition (i) Understanding Indian Society (ii) Views on
बाजार संतुलन – अध्ययन गाइड (अध्याय 5) बाज़ार संतुलन — अध्ययन गाइड (अध्याय 5) 1. परिचय यह अध्याय अध्ययन करता है कि कैसे बाज़ार संतुलन (Market Equilibrium) बनता है, अधिशेष मांग (Excess Demand) और अधिशेष आपूर्ति (Excess Supply) क्या होते हैं, तथा नीतिगत हस्तक्षेप (जैसे मूल्य सीमा और मूल्य तल्ला) के प्रभाव। दो संदर्भों में
Market Equilibrium – Study Guide (Chapter 5) Market Equilibrium — Study Guide (Chapter 5) 1. Introduction This chapter studies how markets reach equilibrium, what happens when supply and demand do not match (excess demand or excess supply), and how market structure and entry/exit affect equilibrium outcomes. We analyse two broad cases: market with a fixed
The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition — Study Guide (Chapter 4) The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition — Study Guide (Chapter 4) 1. Introduction The study of theory of the firm analyses how firms make production and pricing decisions to maximize profit, given technology and market conditions. This chapter focuses on
Production & Costs — Study Guide (Chapter 3) Production & Costs — Study Guide (Chapter 3) 1. Production Function — Basic Idea Production function expresses technical relationship between inputs (factors) and output: how much output can be produced from given inputs. General form: Q = f(L, K, T, …) where Q = output, L =
Theory of Consumer Behaviour – Study Guide Theory of Consumer Behaviour — Study Guide 1. Preliminary Notations and Assumptions Consumer consumes many goods; analysis often simplifies to two goods (x and y) for graphical clarity. Basic assumptions: completeness (consumer can rank bundles), transitivity (consistent rankings), non-satiation (more is preferred to less), and continuity (no jumps
Open Economy Macroeconomics – Study Guide (BoP, FX & Open Economy Income) Open Economy Macroeconomics — Study Guide 1. Introduction to Open Economy Macroeconomics Open economy: an economy that engages in trade (goods & services) and financial transactions with other countries. Key differences from closed economy: presence of exports (X), imports (M), cross-border capital flows,
CBSE Sample Paper – Chapter 5: Government Budget and the Economy (Expanded) CBSE Sample Paper – Chapter 5: Government Budget and the Economy (Expanded) General Instructions All questions are compulsory. Use examples wherever required. Answer in clear and concise language. Diagrams and illustrations are encouraged for explanations. Part A: Very Short Answer Questions (1 mark
Government Budget and the Economy – Class 12 Study Guide (Chapter 5) Government Budget and the Economy – Study Guide (Chapter 5) 1. Government Budget — Meaning and Components Government Budget is a statement of the government’s estimated receipts (income) and expenditure for a financial year. It represents the government’s plan for managing public finances
Class 12 Economics – Sample Paper (Chapter 4: Determination of Income & Employment) Class 12 Economics – Sample Paper (Chapter 4) Topic: Determination of Income & Employment | Maximum Marks: 40 Time: 90 minutes SECTION A — Objective Type Questions (1 × 10 = 10 marks) Q1. Which of the following is the correct
🏛️ CBSE CLASS 12 – HISTORY (Course A) Chapter 3: Kinship, Caste and Class – Early Societies (c. 600 BCE–600 CE)Maximum Marks: 80 Time: 3 hours Instructions Section A – Very Short Answer Questions (1 × 5 = 5 marks) (20–30 words each) Q1. What is meant by “Kinship” in early Indian societies?Answer: Kinship refers to
🏛️ Chapter 3 – Kinship, Caste and Class: Early Societies (c. 600 BCE – 600 CE) 1. Introduction 2. The Critical Edition of the Mahabharata 3. Kinship and Marriage (a) Meaning of Kinship (b) The Family (Kula) (c) Marriage Rules 4. Many Rules and Varied Practices 5. Social Differences: Within and Beyond the Framework of
Determination of Income & Employment – Class 12 Study Guide (Chapter 4) Determination of Income & Employment – Study Guide (Chapter 4) 1. Aggregate Demand and Its Components Aggregate demand (AD) is the total planned expenditure on final goods and services in an economy at a given price level and time period. In a simple
🏛️ CBSE Class 12 – History (Course A) Chapter 2: Kings, Farmers and Towns – Early States and Economies (c. 600 BCE – 600 CE) Maximum Marks: 80 Time: 3 Hours 🧾 General Instructions Section A – Very Short Answer Questions (1 × 5 = 5 marks) (Answer in 20–30 words) Q1. Who deciphered the Brahmi
Class 12 Economics Sample Paper – Money and Banking (With Answers) Class 12 Economics Sample Paper (2025)Chapter 3: Money and Banking – With Answers Maximum Marks: 40 Time: 90 minutes SECTION A — Objective Type Questions (1 × 10 = 10 Marks) Q1. Money acts as a medium of exchange because it — (a) Eliminates the
🏛️ Chapter 2: Kings, Farmers and Towns — Early States and Economies (c. 600 BCE – 600 CE) Introduction 1. Prinsep and Piyadassi James Prinsep (1799–1840) Piyadassi (“Beloved of the Gods”) Significance 2. The Earliest States (c. 600 BCE – 400 BCE) Background The Sixteen Mahajanapadas Features Rise of Magadha 3. An Early Empire —
Money and Banking – Class 12 Study Guide (Chapter 3) Money and Banking – Study Guide (Chapter 3) 1. Functions of Money In economics, the concept of money refers to any commodity or token that is generally accepted as a method of payment. 0 Money performs several essential functions: Medium of Exchange: Money is widely
🏛️ CBSE Class 12 History (Course A) — Sample Paper Chapter 1: Bricks, Beads and Bones — The Harappan Civilization Maximum Marks: 80Time Allowed: 3 HoursGeneral Instructions: Section A — Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark each) (Answer each in 20–30 words) Q1. Who first discovered the site of Harappa and in which year?Answer: Harappa
Chapter 1 — Bricks, Beads and Bones: The Harappan Civilization 1. Introduction: The Harappan Civilization 2. Beginnings of the Harappan Civilization 3. Subsistence Strategies (a) Agriculture (b) Animal Husbandry (c) Fishing and Hunting (d) Trade and Resource Exchange 4. Mohenjo-Daro: A Planned Urban Centre (a) Town Planning (b) Drainage System (c) Architecture (d) The Great
कक्षा 12 अर्थशास्त्र – राष्ट्रीय आय लेखांकन सैंपल पेपर (उत्तर सहित) कक्षा 12 अर्थशास्त्रसैंपल पेपर – राष्ट्रीय आय लेखांकन (उत्तर सहित) समय: 3 घंटे | अधिकतम अंक: 80 खंड A – बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न (प्रत्येक 1 अंक) 1. कौन-सी विधि राष्ट्रीय आय को सभी कारक आयों को जोड़कर मापती है?(1) आय विधि (Income Method) 2. GNP
Time: 3 Hours | Maximum Marks: 80 CBSE Class 12 Economics – National Income Accounting Sample Paper (With Answers) CBSE Class 12 EconomicsSample Paper – National Income Accounting (With Answers) Time: 3 Hours | Maximum Marks: 80 SECTION A – Multiple Choice Questions (1 mark each) 1. Which method measures National Income by adding all
CBSE Class 12 Economics Sample Paper 2025 (With Answers) CBSE Class 12 Economics Sample Paper 2025 (With Answers) Total Marks: 80 (Theory) + 20 (Project) | Time: 3 Hours Section A – Objective Type Questions (1 × 10 = 10 Marks) 1. Who is known as the Father of Modern Economics? Answer: Adam Smith 2.
अर्थशास्त्र की मूल अवधारणाएँ – कक्षा 12 अध्ययन मार्गदर्शिका (भाग 1) अर्थशास्त्र की मूल अवधारणाएँ – अध्ययन मार्गदर्शिका (भाग 1) 1. अध्याय का परिचय यह अध्याय अर्थशास्त्र के मौलिक सिद्धांतों और अवधारणाओं का अध्ययन करता है। यह समझने में सहायता करता है कि सीमित साधनों का उपयोग असीमित इच्छाओं की पूर्ति के लिए कैसे किया जाता है। 2. अर्थशास्त्र की परिभाषाएँ दृष्टिकोण परिभाषितकर्ता मुख्य बल धन दृष्टिकोण एडम स्मिथ राष्ट्र की सम्पत्ति और उसकी वृद्धि कल्याण दृष्टिकोण अल्फ्रेड मार्शल भौतिक कल्याण और मानव संतोष दुर्लभता दृष्टिकोण रॉबिन्स सीमित साधन और विकल्प निर्णय विकास दृष्टिकोण सैम्युअलसन संसाधनों का सर्वोत्तम प्रयोग और संतुलन 3. सूक्ष्म अर्थशास्त्र का अर्थ सूक्ष्म अर्थशास्त्र व्यक्तिगत इकाइयों (जैसे उपभोक्ता, फर्म, बाज़ार) के आर्थिक व्यवहार का अध्ययन करता है। उपभोक्ता → मांग → बाज़ार कीमत → उत्पादन → आपूर्ति → संतुलन कीमत 4. अर्थशास्त्र की मुख्य समस्याएँ क्या उत्पादन किया जाए: कौन‑सी वस्तुएँ बनाई जाएँ। कैसे उत्पादन किया जाए: श्रम‑प्रधान या पूँजी‑प्रधान तकनीक। किसके लिए किया जाए: उत्पादनों का वितरण किन लोगों में। 5. अवसर लागत (Opportunity Cost) किसी विकल्प को चुनने पर दूसरे सर्वोत्तम विकल्प का त्यागित लाभ ही अवसर लागत कहलाता है। उदाहरण: यदि किसान गेहूँ की जगह धान उगा सकता है पर गेहूँ उगाता है, तो धान उगा न पाने का लाभ उसकी अवसर लागत है। 6. उत्पादन संभाव्यता वक्र (PPC) सीमित संसाधनों से दो वस्तुओं के संभाव्य संयोजनों को दर्शाने वाली रेखा को PPC कहते हैं। बिंदु A: (10X, 0Y), B: (8X, 2Y), C: (6X, 4Y), D: (4X, 6Y), E: (0X, 10Y) → अवसर लागत बढ़ती है। 7. संसाधनों का वर्गीकरण भूमि – प्राकृतिक साधन। श्रम – मानव प्रयास। पूँजी – मशीन आदि। उद्यमी – जोखिम उठाकर संसाधनों का संचालन। 8. सकारात्मक और मानक अर्थशास्त्र आधार सकारात्मक मानक स्वभाव तथ्यात्मक / वर्णनात्मक मूल्य निर्णय आधारित उदाहरण “मूल्य बढ़ने से मांग घटती है” “सरकार को गरीबों को सहायता देनी चाहिए” अध्याय 1 – अर्थशास्त्र की मूल अवधारणाएँ (Part 2) 10. उत्पादन के घटक (Factors of Production) भूमि (Land): प्रकृति द्वारा प्रदान सभी संसाधन – भूमि, खदानें, जल आदि। श्रम (Labour): मानव प्रयास या मेहनत जो उत्पादन में योगदान देती है। पूँजी (Capital): उत्पादन के लिए पूर्व‑संचित संसाधन – मशीन, उपकरण। उद्यमी (Entrepreneur): जोखिम उठाकर संसाधनों का संजोजन करता है। घटक
National Income Accounting – Class 12 Study Guide (Part 1) National Income Accounting – Study Guide (Part 1) 1. Introduction to National Income Accounting National Income Accounting measures the overall economic activity of a nation. It summarises production, income creation, and expenditure flows for one year. It helps evaluate economic growth, policy design, and living standards. All transactions are expressed in monetary terms so that different goods and services can
Class 12 Economics Notes – Macroeconomics Class 12 Economics Notes – Macroeconomics 1. Emergence of Macroeconomics The term Macroeconomics refers to the branch of economics that studies the behavior of the economy as a whole rather than individual markets or firms. It focuses on aggregates such as national income, output, employment, inflation, investment, and government
Introduction to Attitude and Social Cognition Human behaviour is influenced by the social environment and interactions with others. Attitudes are learned tendencies to evaluate people, objects, or ideas positively or negatively. Social cognition involves how individuals perceive, interpret, and remember social information. Understanding attitudes and social cognition helps explain why people behave differently in similar
Class 12 Psychology – Chapter 5: Therapeutic Approaches 1. Nature and Process of Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is a professional treatment aimed at helping individuals overcome emotional, cognitive, and behavioral difficulties. It is a planned, structured, and systematic process designed to modify maladaptive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Psychotherapy involves active participation of the client and the therapist.
Chapter 4: Psychological Disorders 1. Concept of Abnormality and Psychological Disorders The term abnormal means something that deviates from what is typical, usual, or expected. In psychology, abnormality refers to behaviour, thoughts, or emotions that significantly deviate from accepted social norms and cause distress or impairment in functioning. Although the distinction between normal and abnormal
CBSE Class 12 Economics Notes: National Income and Related Aggregates (2025–26) CBSE Class 12 Economics Notes: National Income and Related Aggregates (2025–26) Introduction The study of macroeconomics focuses on the functioning of the economy as a whole. It examines overall economic indicators such as national income, employment, inflation, and growth. Among these, National Income and
📊 Exam Structure & Marking Scheme Component Marks Duration Theory Paper 80 3 hoursProject Work / Internal Assessment 20 –Total 100 – 🧮 Parts & Units The syllabus is divided into two parts: Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics (40 Marks) Part B: Indian Economic Development (40 Marks) Here are the units, their marks, and major topics:
