CBSE Class 12 Economics Sample Paper 2025 (With Answers) CBSE Class 12 Economics Sample Paper 2025 (With Answers) Total Marks: 80 (Theory) + 20 (Project) | Time: 3 Hours Section A – Objective Type Questions (1 × 10 = 10 Marks) 1. Who is known as the Father of Modern Economics? Answer: Adam Smith 2. […]
अर्थशास्त्र की मूल अवधारणाएँ – कक्षा 12 अध्ययन मार्गदर्शिका (भाग 1) अर्थशास्त्र की मूल अवधारणाएँ – अध्ययन मार्गदर्शिका (भाग 1) 1. अध्याय का परिचय यह अध्याय अर्थशास्त्र के मौलिक सिद्धांतों और अवधारणाओं का अध्ययन करता है। यह समझने में सहायता करता है कि सीमित साधनों का उपयोग असीमित इच्छाओं की पूर्ति के लिए कैसे किया जाता है। 2. अर्थशास्त्र की परिभाषाएँ दृष्टिकोण परिभाषितकर्ता मुख्य बल धन दृष्टिकोण एडम स्मिथ राष्ट्र की सम्पत्ति और उसकी वृद्धि कल्याण दृष्टिकोण अल्फ्रेड मार्शल भौतिक कल्याण और मानव संतोष दुर्लभता दृष्टिकोण रॉबिन्स सीमित साधन और विकल्प निर्णय विकास दृष्टिकोण सैम्युअलसन संसाधनों का सर्वोत्तम प्रयोग और संतुलन 3. सूक्ष्म अर्थशास्त्र का अर्थ सूक्ष्म अर्थशास्त्र व्यक्तिगत इकाइयों (जैसे उपभोक्ता, फर्म, बाज़ार) के आर्थिक व्यवहार का अध्ययन करता है। उपभोक्ता → मांग → बाज़ार कीमत → उत्पादन → आपूर्ति → संतुलन कीमत 4. अर्थशास्त्र की मुख्य समस्याएँ क्या उत्पादन किया जाए: कौन‑सी वस्तुएँ बनाई जाएँ। कैसे उत्पादन किया जाए: श्रम‑प्रधान या पूँजी‑प्रधान तकनीक। किसके लिए किया जाए: उत्पादनों का वितरण किन लोगों में। 5. अवसर लागत (Opportunity Cost) किसी विकल्प को चुनने पर दूसरे सर्वोत्तम विकल्प का त्यागित लाभ ही अवसर लागत कहलाता है। उदाहरण: यदि किसान गेहूँ की जगह धान उगा सकता है पर गेहूँ उगाता है, तो धान उगा न पाने का लाभ उसकी अवसर लागत है। 6. उत्पादन संभाव्यता वक्र (PPC) सीमित संसाधनों से दो वस्तुओं के संभाव्य संयोजनों को दर्शाने वाली रेखा को PPC कहते हैं। बिंदु A: (10X, 0Y), B: (8X, 2Y), C: (6X, 4Y), D: (4X, 6Y), E: (0X, 10Y) → अवसर लागत बढ़ती है। 7. संसाधनों का वर्गीकरण भूमि – प्राकृतिक साधन। श्रम – मानव प्रयास। पूँजी – मशीन आदि। उद्यमी – जोखिम उठाकर संसाधनों का संचालन। 8. सकारात्मक और मानक अर्थशास्त्र आधार सकारात्मक मानक स्वभाव तथ्यात्मक / वर्णनात्मक मूल्य निर्णय आधारित उदाहरण “मूल्य बढ़ने से मांग घटती है” “सरकार को गरीबों को सहायता देनी चाहिए” अध्याय 1 – अर्थशास्त्र की मूल अवधारणाएँ (Part 2) 10. उत्पादन के घटक (Factors of Production) भूमि (Land): प्रकृति द्वारा प्रदान सभी संसाधन – भूमि, खदानें, जल आदि। श्रम (Labour): मानव प्रयास या मेहनत जो उत्पादन में योगदान देती है। पूँजी (Capital): उत्पादन के लिए पूर्व‑संचित संसाधन – मशीन, उपकरण। उद्यमी (Entrepreneur): जोखिम उठाकर संसाधनों का संजोजन करता है। घटक
National Income Accounting – Class 12 Study Guide (Part 1) National Income Accounting – Study Guide (Part 1) 1. Introduction to National Income Accounting National Income Accounting measures the overall economic activity of a nation. It summarises production, income creation, and expenditure flows for one year. It helps evaluate economic growth, policy design, and living standards. All transactions are expressed in monetary terms so that different goods and services can
Class 12 Economics Notes – Macroeconomics Class 12 Economics Notes – Macroeconomics 1. Emergence of Macroeconomics The term Macroeconomics refers to the branch of economics that studies the behavior of the economy as a whole rather than individual markets or firms. It focuses on aggregates such as national income, output, employment, inflation, investment, and government
Introduction to Attitude and Social Cognition Human behaviour is influenced by the social environment and interactions with others. Attitudes are learned tendencies to evaluate people, objects, or ideas positively or negatively. Social cognition involves how individuals perceive, interpret, and remember social information. Understanding attitudes and social cognition helps explain why people behave differently in similar
Class 12 Psychology – Chapter 5: Therapeutic Approaches 1. Nature and Process of Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is a professional treatment aimed at helping individuals overcome emotional, cognitive, and behavioral difficulties. It is a planned, structured, and systematic process designed to modify maladaptive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Psychotherapy involves active participation of the client and the therapist.
Chapter 4: Psychological Disorders 1. Concept of Abnormality and Psychological Disorders The term abnormal means something that deviates from what is typical, usual, or expected. In psychology, abnormality refers to behaviour, thoughts, or emotions that significantly deviate from accepted social norms and cause distress or impairment in functioning. Although the distinction between normal and abnormal
CBSE Class 12 Economics Notes: National Income and Related Aggregates (2025–26) CBSE Class 12 Economics Notes: National Income and Related Aggregates (2025–26) Introduction The study of macroeconomics focuses on the functioning of the economy as a whole. It examines overall economic indicators such as national income, employment, inflation, and growth. Among these, National Income and
📊 Exam Structure & Marking Scheme Component Marks Duration Theory Paper 80 3 hoursProject Work / Internal Assessment 20 –Total 100 – 🧮 Parts & Units The syllabus is divided into two parts: Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics (40 Marks) Part B: Indian Economic Development (40 Marks) Here are the units, their marks, and major topics:
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Human Geography: Nature and Scope (Class 12 Geography – CBSE, 2025–26) 1. Introduction 👉 Human Geography is the study of the relationship between human beings and their environment. 2. Meaning of Human Geography Simple Definition:Human Geography is the study of people and their environment in spatial and temporal context. 3. Development of Human Geography (Historical
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6-Mark Questions and Answers One-Mark Questions and Answers Three-Mark Questions and Answers
1 Mark Questions (Very Short Answer Type) 3 Marks Questions (Short Answer Type) Other Important Questions and Answers 10 important 8-mark questions with answers 1. Who was Al-Biruni? Discuss his observations about Indian society. Answer:Al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was a Persian scholar who visited India during the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni. His book, Kitab-ul-Hind, provides
📝 Long Answer Questions (350 words) 1. 🌏 Define Human Geography and Discuss Its Scope. Human Geography is the study of the relationship between human beings and their environment. It focuses on how human activity impacts, shapes, and is influenced by physical spaces. This branch of geography emphasizes the spatial distribution of human populations, resources,
🌍 Long Answer Questions (350 words) 1. 📝 Discuss the Various Types of Rural Settlements and Their Characteristics. 2. 📝 Explain the Problems Faced by Rural Settlements. 3. 📝 What is Urbanization, and How Does It Impact Society and the Economy? 4. 📝 Describe the Different Patterns of Rural Settlements. 5. 📝 What are the
🌍 Population: Distribution, Density, and Growth 🌍 1. Distribution of Population 2. Density of Population 3. Growth of Population 🌍 Migration: Types and Causes 🌍 1. Definition of Migration 2. Types of Migration 3. Causes of Migration 🌍 Population Change and Its Effects 🌍 1. Definition of Population Change 2. Factors Contributing to Population Change
🌍 Nature and Scope of Human Geography 🌍 Human Geography is the branch of geography that deals with the study of people and their communities, cultures, economies, and interactions with the environment by examining their relations with and across space and place. Human geography is a wide-ranging field that includes several sub-disciplines and various methodologies.
🌍 The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC): A Glimpse of Ancient Genius The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), one of the earliest urban societies, flourished around 2500 BCE to 1500 BCE. This civilization, spread across the vast Indus and Sarasvati river valleys, is renowned for its advanced urban planning, innovative technologies, and trade networks. From bustling cities
🌍 Chemistry’s Role in Everyday Life 🌍 💊 Chemistry in Medicine 💊 Pharmacology: 🍲 Chemistry in Food 🍲 Enzymes in Food: 🧴 Chemistry in Detergents and Cleaning Products 🧴 Antiseptics and Disinfectants: 🌱 Chemicals in the Environment 🌱 Effects of Pollution: 🔬 Applications in Everyday Life 🔬 🌟 Key Takeaways 🌟
🌟 Introduction to Solid State 🌟 🏗️ Types of Solids 🏗️ 🏠 Crystal Systems and Laws of Crystallography 🏠 Seven Crystal Systems: Laws of Crystallography: 💎 Properties of Solids 💎 🔧 Defects in Solids 🔧 Crystal Defects: Imperfections in the regular arrangement of atoms in a crystal. They can affect the properties of solids like
🌊 Introduction to Solutions 🌊 🌟 Types of Solutions 🌟 🔢 Concentration Terms 🔢 🧪 Colligative Properties 🧪 🌈 Key Concepts to Remember 🌈
🌟 Introduction to Electrochemistry 🌟 🔋 Electrochemical Cells 🔋 ⚙️ Electrolytic Cells & Electrolysis ⚙️ 💡 Conductance & Factors Affecting Conductivity 💡 ⚡ Electrochemical Series ⚡ 🔑 Nernst Equation 🔑 🧪 Gibbs Free Energy and Electrochemistry 🧪 Where: 🧰 Applications of Electrochemistry 🧰 ⚡ Conclusion ⚡
🔍 Introduction to Chemical Kinetics 🔍 ⏱️ Rate of Reaction ⏱️ ⚙️ Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction ⚙️ 🧪 Rate Laws and Order of Reaction 🧪 💡 Arrhenius Equation 💡 Where: 🔄 Integrated Rate Equations for Different Orders 🔄 🔬 Activation Energy and Its Significance 🔬 ⚡ Collision Theory ⚡ 📊 Experimental Determination of
✨ Introduction to Surface Chemistry ✨ 🔍 Adsorption 🔍 🧪 Types of Adsorption 🧪 ⚖️ Factors Affecting Adsorption ⚖️ 💠 Colloidal Systems 💠 🧑🔬 Types of Colloids 🧑🔬 🧪 Preparation of Colloids 🧪 🌟 Properties of Colloids 🌟 💥 Catalysis 💥 🧑🔬 Types of Catalysis 🧑🔬 ⚡ Catalytic Activity and Mechanism ⚡ 🧩 Colloidal Stability
🌟 Introduction to Extraction of Elements 🌟 🔍 Methods of Extraction 🔍 The methods used to extract metals depend on the nature of the ore, reactivity of the metal, and presence of impurities. The key methods of extraction include: 🧲 Magnetic Separation 🧲 🧪 Solvent Extraction 🧪 🔥 Roasting and Calcination 🔥 ⚡ Electrolytic Reduction
🌟 Introduction to p-Block Elements 🌟 ⚙️ Groups in p-Block Elements ⚙️ 💥 Trends in Properties of p-Block Elements 💥 🧬 Preparation and Properties of Compounds 🧬 💡 Important Reactions in p-Block Compounds 💡 🌍 Applications of p-Block Elements 🌍 🌟 Conclusion 🌟
🌟 Introduction to d- and f-Block Elements 🌟 ⚙️ Properties of Transition Metals ⚙️ 🌈 Color and Magnetism in d-Block Compounds 🌈 💡 Lanthanides and Actinides 💡 🔥 Uses of d- and f-Block Elements 🔥 🌟 Conclusion 🌟
🌟 What Are Coordination Compounds? 🌟 🧰 Key Terms in Coordination Compounds 🧰 🧪 Werner’s Theory 🧪 💡 Valence Bond Theory (VBT) 💡 🌈 Crystal Field Theory (CFT) 🌈 ⚡ Applications of Coordination Compounds ⚡ 🌟 Conclusion 🌟
🧴 1. Haloalkanes (Alkyl halides) 🧪 Nomenclature: Preparation of Haloalkanes: Chemical Properties of Haloalkanes: Industrial Uses of Haloalkanes: 🌿 2. Haloarenes (Aromatic halides) 🌸 Nomenclature: Preparation of Haloarenes: Electrophilic Substitution Reactions in Haloarenes: Chemical Properties of Haloarenes: Industrial Uses of Haloarenes: 🌸 Conclusion 🧴 🌿
🍃 1. Alcohols (Functional Group -OH) 💧 Structure and Functional Group: Preparation of Alcohols: Chemical Properties of Alcohols: Uses of Alcohols: 🌿 2. Phenols (Functional Group -OH attached to an aromatic ring) 🌺 Structure and Functional Group: Preparation of Phenols: Acidity of Phenols: Chemical Reactions of Phenols: Uses of Phenols: 🌸 3. Ethers (Functional Group
🌿 Introduction to Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids 🍃 Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids are important organic compounds with distinct functional groups and diverse applications in fragrances, flavours, and pharmaceuticals. Their preparation methods, reactivity, and uses make them integral to several industries. ⚗️ 1. Aldehydes (Functional Group -CHO) 🍂 🧪 Structure and Functional Group 🔬
🌿 Introduction to Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compounds 🧑🔬 Organic compounds containing nitrogen are of immense importance in the pharmaceutical, dye, and agricultural industries. The key nitrogen compounds studied in this unit include: These compounds exhibit diverse properties and play critical roles in various chemical reactions. ⚗️ 1. Amines (Basic Nitrogen Compounds) 🍃 🧪 Structure of Amines
🌟 What are Biomolecules? 🧑🔬 🌿 Types of Biomolecules 🌱 1. 🍞 Carbohydrates (Energy Powerhouses) 2. 🍖 Proteins (Body Builders) 3. 🧈 Lipids (Fatty Energy Sources) 4. 🧬 Nucleic Acids (Genetic Blueprints) ✨ Enzymes and Their Mechanisms of Action 🔬 🌟 Vitamins, Hormones, and Their Biological Significance 💊 1. 🌞 Vitamins (Micronutrient Warriors) 2. 🧑🔬
🌟 What are Polymers? 🧑🔬 🎨 Classification of Polymers 📂 🎉 Types of Polymers ✍️ 🏠 Uses of Polymers in Industry and Daily Life 🏭 🌍 Polymers Around Us 🌱 💡 Interesting Facts 🤔 ✨ Summary 📑 ! 🌟🧪
1. Definition of Ecology 🌱 2. Levels of Organization 🔬 🌿 Ecosystem Structure and Function 🌿 1. Components of Ecosystems 🌱🌍 2. Energy Flow in Ecosystems 💡 3. Energy Transfer Efficiency 🌞 🌱 Biogeochemical Cycles 🌍 1. Water Cycle 💧 2. Carbon Cycle 🌳 3. Nitrogen Cycle 🌾 🌍 Environmental Issues 🌍 1. Biodiversity and
