Class 12th English Medium Economics Notes

Class 12th English Medium Economics Notes

Economic Reforms since 1991-Liberalisation, Privatisation & Globalisation — Notes – Class 11 Economics -chapter 3

Liberalisation, Privatisation & Globalisation — Notes (Economic Reforms since 1991) Liberalisation, Privatisation & Globalisation — Notes (Economic Reforms since 1991) 1. Introduction — Short summary In 1991 India initiated a major shift in economic policy to open and integrate the economy with the world — commonly referred to as Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation (LPG). These […]

Class 12th English Medium Economics Notes, Class 12th Hindi Medium Economics Notes

बाजार संतुलन – अध्ययन गाइड (अध्याय 5) CBSE class 12th Economics

बाजार संतुलन – अध्ययन गाइड (अध्याय 5) बाज़ार संतुलन — अध्ययन गाइड (अध्याय 5) 1. परिचय यह अध्याय अध्ययन करता है कि कैसे बाज़ार संतुलन (Market Equilibrium) बनता है, अधिशेष मांग (Excess Demand) और अधिशेष आपूर्ति (Excess Supply) क्या होते हैं, तथा नीतिगत हस्तक्षेप (जैसे मूल्य सीमा और मूल्य तल्ला) के प्रभाव। दो संदर्भों में

Class 12th English Medium Economics Notes

The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition — Study Guide (Chapter 4) class 12 Economics

The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition — Study Guide (Chapter 4) The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition — Study Guide (Chapter 4) 1. Introduction The study of theory of the firm analyses how firms make production and pricing decisions to maximize profit, given technology and market conditions. This chapter focuses on

Class 12th English Medium Economics Notes

Theory of Consumer Behaviour – Study Guide- class 12 Economics

Theory of Consumer Behaviour – Study Guide Theory of Consumer Behaviour — Study Guide 1. Preliminary Notations and Assumptions Consumer consumes many goods; analysis often simplifies to two goods (x and y) for graphical clarity. Basic assumptions: completeness (consumer can rank bundles), transitivity (consistent rankings), non-satiation (more is preferred to less), and continuity (no jumps

Class 12th English Medium Economics Notes

Open Economy Macroeconomics – Study Guide (CBSE class 12- Economics)

Open Economy Macroeconomics – Study Guide (BoP, FX & Open Economy Income) Open Economy Macroeconomics — Study Guide 1. Introduction to Open Economy Macroeconomics Open economy: an economy that engages in trade (goods & services) and financial transactions with other countries. Key differences from closed economy: presence of exports (X), imports (M), cross-border capital flows,

Class 12th English Medium Economics Notes

Government Budget and the Economy –Economics Class 12 Study Guide (Chapter 5)

Government Budget and the Economy – Class 12 Study Guide (Chapter 5) Government Budget and the Economy – Study Guide (Chapter 5) 1. Government Budget — Meaning and Components Government Budget is a statement of the government’s estimated receipts (income) and expenditure for a financial year. It represents the government’s plan for managing public finances

Class 11th Hindi Medium Political Science Notes, Class 12th English Medium Economics Notes

अर्थशास्त्र की मूल अवधारणाएँ – कक्षा 12 अध्ययन मार्गदर्शिका (भाग 1) CBSE

अर्थशास्त्र की मूल अवधारणाएँ – कक्षा 12 अध्ययन मार्गदर्शिका (भाग 1) अर्थशास्त्र की मूल अवधारणाएँ – अध्ययन मार्गदर्शिका (भाग 1) 1. अध्याय का परिचय यह अध्याय अर्थशास्त्र के मौलिक सिद्धांतों और अवधारणाओं का अध्ययन करता है। यह समझने में सहायता करता है कि सीमित साधनों का उपयोग असीमित इच्छाओं की पूर्ति के लिए कैसे किया जाता है। 2. अर्थशास्त्र की परिभाषाएँ दृष्टिकोण परिभाषितकर्ता मुख्य बल धन दृष्टिकोण एडम स्मिथ राष्ट्र की सम्पत्ति और उसकी वृद्धि कल्याण दृष्टिकोण अल्फ्रेड मार्शल भौतिक कल्याण और मानव संतोष दुर्लभता दृष्टिकोण रॉबिन्स सीमित साधन और विकल्प निर्णय विकास दृष्टिकोण सैम्युअलसन संसाधनों का सर्वोत्तम प्रयोग और संतुलन 3. सूक्ष्म अर्थशास्त्र का अर्थ सूक्ष्म अर्थशास्त्र व्यक्तिगत इकाइयों (जैसे उपभोक्ता, फर्म, बाज़ार) के आर्थिक व्यवहार का अध्ययन करता है। उपभोक्ता → मांग → बाज़ार कीमत → उत्पादन → आपूर्ति → संतुलन कीमत 4. अर्थशास्त्र की मुख्य समस्याएँ क्या उत्पादन किया जाए: कौन‑सी वस्तुएँ बनाई जाएँ। कैसे उत्पादन किया जाए: श्रम‑प्रधान या पूँजी‑प्रधान तकनीक। किसके लिए किया जाए: उत्पादनों का वितरण किन लोगों में। 5. अवसर लागत (Opportunity Cost) किसी विकल्प को चुनने पर दूसरे सर्वोत्तम विकल्प का त्यागित लाभ ही अवसर लागत कहलाता है। उदाहरण: यदि किसान गेहूँ की जगह धान उगा सकता है पर गेहूँ उगाता है, तो धान उगा न पाने का लाभ उसकी अवसर लागत है। 6. उत्पादन संभाव्यता वक्र (PPC) सीमित संसाधनों से दो वस्तुओं के संभाव्य संयोजनों को दर्शाने वाली रेखा को PPC कहते हैं। बिंदु A: (10X, 0Y), B: (8X, 2Y), C: (6X, 4Y), D: (4X, 6Y), E: (0X, 10Y) → अवसर लागत बढ़ती है। 7. संसाधनों का वर्गीकरण भूमि – प्राकृतिक साधन। श्रम – मानव प्रयास। पूँजी – मशीन आदि। उद्यमी – जोखिम उठाकर संसाधनों का संचालन। 8. सकारात्मक और मानक अर्थशास्त्र आधार सकारात्मक मानक स्वभाव तथ्यात्मक / वर्णनात्मक मूल्य निर्णय आधारित उदाहरण “मूल्य बढ़ने से मांग घटती है” “सरकार को गरीबों को सहायता देनी चाहिए” अध्याय 1 – अर्थशास्त्र की मूल अवधारणाएँ (Part 2) 10. उत्पादन के घटक (Factors of Production) भूमि (Land): प्रकृति द्वारा प्रदान सभी संसाधन – भूमि, खदानें, जल आदि। श्रम (Labour): मानव प्रयास या मेहनत जो उत्पादन में योगदान देती है। पूँजी (Capital): उत्पादन के लिए पूर्व‑संचित संसाधन – मशीन, उपकरण। उद्यमी (Entrepreneur): जोखिम उठाकर संसाधनों का संजोजन करता है। घटक

Class 12th English Medium Economics Notes

Class 12 Economics National Income Accounting Study Guide chapter 2

National Income Accounting – Class 12 Study Guide (Part 1) National Income Accounting – Study Guide (Part 1) 1. Introduction to National Income Accounting National Income Accounting measures the overall economic activity of a nation. It summarises production, income creation, and expenditure flows for one year. It helps evaluate economic growth, policy design, and living standards. All transactions are expressed in monetary terms so that different goods and services can

Class 12th English Medium Economics Notes

Class 12 Economics Notes – Macroeconomics

Class 12 Economics Notes – Macroeconomics Class 12 Economics Notes – Macroeconomics 1. Emergence of Macroeconomics The term Macroeconomics refers to the branch of economics that studies the behavior of the economy as a whole rather than individual markets or firms. It focuses on aggregates such as national income, output, employment, inflation, investment, and government

Class 12th English Medium Economics Notes

Economics Notes on National Income and Related Aggregates

CBSE Class 12 Economics Notes: National Income and Related Aggregates (2025–26) CBSE Class 12 Economics Notes: National Income and Related Aggregates (2025–26) Introduction The study of macroeconomics focuses on the functioning of the economy as a whole. It examines overall economic indicators such as national income, employment, inflation, and growth. Among these, National Income and

Class 12th English Medium Economics Notes

Class 12- Economics syllabus

📊 Exam Structure & Marking Scheme Component Marks Duration Theory Paper 80 3 hoursProject Work / Internal Assessment 20 –Total 100 – 🧮 Parts & Units The syllabus is divided into two parts: Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics (40 Marks) Part B: Indian Economic Development (40 Marks) Here are the units, their marks, and major topics:

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Sample 9-12 CBSE

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