Class 12th English Medium Biology Notes

1. Definition of Ecology 🌱 2. Levels of Organization 🔬 🌿 Ecosystem Structure and Function 🌿 1. Components of Ecosystems 🌱🌍 2. Energy Flow in Ecosystems 💡 3. Energy Transfer Efficiency 🌞 🌱 Biogeochemical Cycles 🌍 1. Water Cycle 💧 2. Carbon Cycle 🌳 3. Nitrogen Cycle 🌾 🌍 Environmental Issues 🌍 1. Biodiversity and

1. Pathogens and Diseases 🦠 2. Immune System and Immunity 🛡️ 3. Vaccination 💉 4. Human Diseases and Their Prevention 🔬 🌾 Improvement in Food Production 🌾 1. Plant Breeding 🌱 2. Tissue Culture 🧫 3. Biotechnology in Agriculture 🧬 🧬 Microorganisms in Human Welfare 🧬 1. Microbes in Food Production 🍞 2. Microorganisms in

🌟 Biotechnology: Principles and Techniques 🌟 🌱 Applications of Biotechnology 🌱 1. In Medicine 💉 2. In Agriculture 🌾 3. In Industry 🏭 🔬 Genetic Engineering in Animals 🐄 🌎 Environmental Applications 🌎 ⚖️ Ethical and Social Issues in Biotechnology ⚖️ Summary 📝 Biotechnology is a rapidly advancing field with applications in medicine, agriculture, industry,

📌 INTRODUCTION 🔬 PART 1: PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION 🌿 Gregor Mendel – Father of Genetics 🟢 Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance 1️⃣ Law of Dominance – One allele is dominant over the other.2️⃣ Law of Segregation – Alleles separate during gamete formation.3️⃣ Law of Independent Assortment – Genes for different traits assort independently. 🌼

🔬 Introduction Reproduction is the biological process by which organisms produce their offspring. It ensures the continuity of species and can be of two types: 🌿 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 🔹 Features of Asexual Reproduction ✅ Single parent involved.✅ Offspring are genetically identical (clones).✅ No gametes or fertilization involved.✅ Fast process, common in unicellular organisms and plants.

🌱 Introduction Plant physiology deals with how plants function, including processes like photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and transport of nutrients. These processes help plants grow, develop, and survive. ☀️ Photosynthesis – The Life Process of Plants 👉 Definition: The process by which green plants make their own food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. 🟢 Equation:

🔬 Introduction Human physiology is the study of how different systems in the body function and work together to sustain life. The human body has several organ systems, each performing vital roles. 🫁 The Human Digestive System 👉 Function: Converts food into simpler substances for absorption and energy production.👉 Main Organs: 📝 Key Concept: Digestion