Albert Einstein at School – by Patrick Pringle About the Author Summary of the Story Themes Character Sketches Albert Einstein Yuri Doctor Teachers Symbolism Style of Writing Value Points for Exams
Ranga’s Marriage – by Masti Venkatesha Iyengar About the Author Summary of the Story Themes Character Sketches Ranga Ratna Narrator (Shyama) Shastri (Astrologer) Symbolism Style of Writing Value Points for Exams
The Address – Notes About the Author Summary of the Story Themes Character Sketches The Narrator Mrs Dorling Mrs Dorling’s Daughter Symbolism Style of Writing Value Points for Exams
“The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse” – by William Saroyan The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse – Notes About the Author Summary of the Story Themes Character Sketches Aram (Narrator) Mourad John Byro Important Symbolism Style of Writing Value Points for Exams
Silk Road – Notes About the Author Summary of the Chapter Themes Important Characters Description of the Journey Symbolism of Mount Kailash Style of Writing Value Points for Exams
The Adventure – Notes About the Author Summary of the Story Detailed Notes for Exams Key Themes Character Sketch Professor Gaitonde Important Elements of the Story Style of Writing Value Points for Answers
Introduction Summary Themes Tone and Mood Poetic Devices Critical Appreciation Key Points for Exams
“Childhood” – by Markus Natten Introduction Summary Themes Tone and Mood Poetic Devices Critical Appreciation Key Takeaways for Exams
The Ailing Planet: The Green Movement’s Role – Nani Palkhivala Introduction Context of the Green Movement Main Ideas in the Essay 1. The Concept of Sustainable Development 2. Earth as a Living Organism 3. Trusteeship of Natural Resources 4. Population Explosion 5. Forest Depletion 6. Responsibility of Governments 7. The Role of Human Awareness Style
दो बैलों की कथा – संपूर्ण सारांश प्रेमचंद की अमर रचनाओं में से एक है “दो बैलों की कथा”। यह कहानी केवल बैलों के जीवन पर आधारित नहीं है, बल्कि इसमें मनुष्य जीवन की गहरी सच्चाइयों, आत्मसम्मान, निष्ठा, मित्रता और स्वतंत्रता जैसे जीवन-मूल्यों का चित्रण किया गया है। लेखक ने दो बैलों – हीरा और
The Voice of the Rain – Walt Whitman Introduction Text of the Poem (for reference, not to memorise word-for-word) Summary Themes Poetic Devices Critical Appreciation Key Points for Exams
The Laburnum Top – Ted Hughes Introduction Summary Themes Important Imagery Poetic Devices Tone and Mood Exam Value Points
Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues By A.R. Williams Introduction This chapter is a mixture of history, archaeology, and modern science. It tells the story of Tutankhamun, popularly called King Tut, one of the youngest pharaohs of ancient Egypt. Tut’s life and mysterious death, along with the discovery of his tomb in 1922, have fascinated historians
We’re Not Afraid to Die… If We Can All Be Together By Gordon Cook and Alan East Introduction This chapter is a gripping adventure story based on the real-life experience of the narrator, Gordon Cook, and his family. It highlights the spirit of human endurance, courage, and unity in the face of life-threatening situations. Through
A Photograph – Shirley Toulson Summary Themes Important Lines & Explanations Poetic Devices
The Portrait of a Lady – Detailed Notes By Khushwant Singh Introduction Detailed Summary 1. Description of the Grandmother Interpretation: 2. Early Life in the Village Analysis: 3. Shift to the City Analysis: 4. Before Going Abroad Analysis: 5. Reunion After Five Years Analysis: 6. Her Illness and Last Days Analysis: 7. Mourning and the
Case Study 1 India is the second most populous country in the world after China, with a population of over 1.4 billion. The population growth has been influenced by factors like high birth rates, declining death rates, and improvements in healthcare. The dense population in the northern plains, coastal regions, and urban areas affects resources,
Case Study 1 India has a rich diversity of natural vegetation due to its varied climate, topography, and soil types. Tropical evergreen forests are found in regions with heavy rainfall like the Western Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, and northeastern states. These forests remain green throughout the year, have dense tree cover, and provide valuable
Case Study 1 India experiences a diverse climate because of its vast size, varied relief, and location between 8°4′ N and 37°6′ N latitude. It lies in the tropical and subtropical zones. While southern India has a tropical climate, the northern regions experience temperate and alpine conditions in the Himalayas. This diversity influences agriculture, vegetation,
Case Study 1 India has a vast and complex river system, with rivers classified broadly into Himalayan (or perennial) and Peninsular (or seasonal) rivers. Himalayan rivers like the Ganga, Yamuna, and Brahmaputra originate from glaciers in the Himalayas. They have a long course, are perennial, and provide fertile alluvial plains that support agriculture, settlements, and
Case Study 1 The Himalayas are the highest and youngest mountain ranges of India, stretching from Jammu & Kashmir in the west to Arunachal Pradesh in the east, covering approximately 2,500 km. They act as a natural barrier, protecting India from cold winds from Central Asia and influencing the climate. The Himalayan rivers like Ganga,
Case Study 1 India is the seventh largest country in the world, covering an area of about 32,87,263 sq. km. It lies entirely in the Northern Hemisphere between 8°4′ N to 37°6′ N latitude and 68°7′ E to 97°25′ E longitude. Its vast size gives India diverse climatic conditions, varied landscapes, and a wide range
Case Study 1 Pastoralists were communities whose main occupation was rearing animals. They lived in regions unsuitable for cultivation, such as deserts, mountains, and grasslands. Their movements were seasonal, following pastures and water sources. Colonial governments often viewed them as backward or unproductive, ignoring their knowledge of local ecosystems. Questions & Answers: Case Study 2
Case Study 1 During the colonial period, forests in India were heavily exploited for timber, fuel, and commercial purposes. British policies classified forests as state property and restricted local communities’ traditional rights. Villagers who depended on forests for grazing, fuelwood, and minor forest produce faced displacement and loss of livelihood. Questions & Answers: Case Study
Case Study 1 After World War I, Germany faced political instability, economic crisis, and humiliation due to the Treaty of Versailles (1919). Reparations, loss of territories, and national humiliation created anger and resentment among Germans. This environment provided fertile ground for extremist political movements, including the rise of the Nazi Party. Questions & Answers: Case
Case Study 1 In the 19th century, industrialization in Europe led to the growth of factories, urbanization, and exploitation of workers. The working class faced long hours, low wages, and poor living conditions. These inequalities inspired the ideas of socialism, emphasizing collective ownership, social justice, and equitable distribution of wealth. Questions & Answers: Case Study
Case Study 1 In the late 18th century, France was facing severe economic crisis. The monarchy under King Louis XVI was spending extravagantly while the common people suffered due to high taxes and food shortages. The society was divided into three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. The burden of taxation fell mostly
1. Pastoralists in India 1.1 Pastoral Communities of the Himalayas 1.2 Pastoralists of the Plains 1.3 Pastoralists of Plateaus and Deserts 1.4 Pastoralists of Plateaus and Hills in the South 2. Colonial Rule and Pastoral Life The arrival of the British in India deeply changed the lives of pastoralists. 2.1 Colonial Attitude 2.2 Forest Acts
1. Why Deforestation? 1.1 Meaning of Deforestation Deforestation refers to the permanent destruction of forests to make the land available for other uses such as cultivation, mining, plantations, or construction. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, India witnessed massive deforestation due to British policies. 1.2 Causes of Deforestation in Colonial India 2. Forest Management
1. Birth of the Weimar Republic 1.1 Germany After World War I 1.2 Formation of the Weimar Republic 1.3 Treaty of Versailles (1919) 2. Political and Economic Crisis in Weimar Germany 2.1 Political Instability 2.2 Economic Problems 2.3 Collapse of Democracy 3. Hitler’s Rise to Power 3.1 Hitler’s Early Life 3.2 Nazi Party Formation 3.3
1. The Age of Social Change 1.1 European Society Before the Revolution 1.2 Liberalism 1.3 Radicalism 1.4 Conservatism 2. The Coming of Socialism to Europe 2.1 Early Socialism 2.2 Karl Marx and Scientific Socialism 2.3 Socialist Parties in Europe 3. The Russian Empire in 1914 3.1 The Tsarist Autocracy 3.2 Social Structure 3.3 Conditions of
🌍 Coal and Petroleum – Class 8 Science (Detailed Notes) 🔹 1. Introduction: Our Dependence on Natural Resources 👉 Two most important natural fuels are Coal and Petroleum.They are called fossil fuels because they are formed from dead plants and animals buried millions of years ago. 🔹 2. What are Fossil Fuels? ⚠️ Problem: Fossil
📘 Microorganisms – Friend and Foe (Class 8 Science, NCERT) 🔹 1. Introduction to Microorganisms Types of Microorganisms 🔹 2. Microorganisms as Friends 👍 Even though many microbes cause diseases, they are also extremely useful to humans. (a) In the Food Industry (b) In Medicine (c) In Agriculture (d) In Cleaning the Environment 🔹 3.
1. French Society During the Late Eighteenth Century 1.1 The Ancient Régime 1.2 The Three Estates 1.3 Burden of Taxes 2. The Struggle to Survive 2.1 Population and Food Supply 2.2 Subsistence Crisis 3. The Growing Middle Class and New Ideas 3.1 Emergence of the Middle Class 3.2 Role of Enlightenment Philosophers 3.3 Influence of
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Class 10 History Quiz 1 – CBSE Class 10 History Quiz – CBSE Time Left: 20:00 1. Who is known as the ‘Father of the Indian Renaissance’? A) Raja Ram Mohan Roy B) Dadabhai Naoroji C) Bal Gangadhar Tilak D) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 2. The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched in: A) 1915 B) 1920 C)
सूरजप्रकाश की कहानी : भक्तिन प्रस्तावना हिंदी साहित्य में जिन रचनाकारों ने समाज के दबे-कुचले, हाशिए पर पड़े हुए वर्गों को स्वर दिया है, उनमें सूरजप्रकाश का नाम उल्लेखनीय है। उनकी कहानी “भक्तिन” केवल एक स्त्री के संघर्ष की कथा नहीं है, बल्कि भारतीय ग्रामीण समाज में व्याप्त जातिगत अन्याय, वर्गीय असमानता, स्त्री-दलित शोषण और
विद्यासागर नौटियाल – अहिल्या का धियान : एक विस्तृत विवेचन 1. प्रस्तावना हिंदी साहित्य में क्षेत्रीय कथाकारों का योगदान अत्यंत महत्त्वपूर्ण है। उन्होंने न केवल अपने-अपने अंचल की बोली, संस्कृति और लोकजीवन को जीवित रखा, बल्कि उससे जुड़े सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक संघर्षों को भी साहित्य में दर्ज किया। विद्यासागर नौटियाल उत्तराखंड (गढ़वाल) की पृष्ठभूमि से आए और
असगर वजाहत – और भेड़िया कौन : विस्तृत विश्लेषण 1. प्रस्तावना हिंदी साहित्य में असगर वजाहत का नाम उस पीढ़ी के रचनाकारों में लिया जाता है, जिन्होंने समाज की असलियत को बिना लाग-लपेट प्रस्तुत किया। वजाहत की कहानियाँ केवल घटनाओं का विवरण नहीं होतीं, बल्कि वे पाठक को सोचने और प्रश्न करने के लिए विवश
जयनंदन – इस जल प्रलय में : एक गहन विवेचन 1. प्रस्तावना हिंदी साहित्य में गाँव, किसान और आम आदमी के जीवन-संघर्ष को चित्रित करने वाले लेखकों में जयनंदन का नाम अग्रणी है। उनकी कहानियाँ साधारण पात्रों के असाधारण संघर्ष को सामने लाती हैं। इस जल प्रलय में उनकी प्रसिद्ध कहानियों में से एक है,
