📘 Class 12 Business Studies – Sample Paper Chapter 7: Directing 🔷 Section A – Very Short Answer Questions (20 Marks) Q1 – Q20 (1 × 20 = 20 marks) Answer in one line. Q1. What is directing in management?Q2. Define leadership.Q3. What is motivation?Q4. Define communication.Q5. What is supervision?Q6. What is coordination?Q7. Name any […]
📘 Class 12 Business Studies – Sample Paper Chapter 6: Staffing 🔷 Section A – Very Short Answer Questions (20 Marks) Q1 – Q20 (1 × 20 = 20 marks) Answer in one line. Q1. What is staffing in management?Q2. Define recruitment.Q3. What is selection?Q4. What is training?Q5. Define development.Q6. What is promotion?Q7. Define compensation.Q8.
📘 कक्षा 12 व्यवसाय अध्ययन – नमूना प्रश्नपत्र अध्याय 4 : योजना (Planning) 🔷 खंड A – अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न (20 अंक) प्रश्न 1 – 20 (1 × 20 = 20 अंक) उत्तर एक पंक्ति में दें। प्र.1 प्रबंधन में योजना से क्या आशय है?प्र.2 किसी दो प्रकार की योजनाओं का नाम लिखिए।प्र.3 उद्देश्य
📘 Class 12 Business Studies – Sample Paper Chapter 4: Planning 🔷 Section A – Very Short Answer Questions (20 Marks) Q1 – Q20 (1 × 20 = 20 marks) Answer in one line. Q1. What is planning in management?Q2. Name any two types of plans.Q3. Define objective.Q4. What is strategy?Q5. What is policy in
📘 Class 12 Business Studies – Sample Paper Chapter 3: Business Environment 🔷 Section A – Very Short Answer Questions (20 Marks) Q1 – Q20 (1 × 20 = 20 marks) Answer in one line. Q1. What is meant by business environment?Q2. Name any one dimension of business environment.Q3. What is economic environment?Q4. What is
📘 Class 12 Business Studies – Sample Paper Chapter 2: Principles of Management 🔷 Section A – Very Short Answer Questions (20 Marks) Q1 – Q20 (1 × 20 = 20 marks) Answer in one line. Q1. Who is known as the father of scientific management?Q2. What are principles of management?Q3. Name any one principle
📘 Class 12 Business Studies – Sample Paper Chapter 1: Nature and Significance of Management 🔷 Section A – Very Short Answer Questions (20 Marks) Q1 – Q20 (1 × 20 = 20 marks) Answer in one line. Q1. What is management?Q2. Who is known as the father of scientific management?Q3. Define efficiency.Q4. What is
CLASS 12 PSYCHOLOGY – CHAPTER 7 SOCIAL INFLUENCE AND GROUP PROCESSES 1. INTRODUCTION 2. NATURE AND FORMATION OF GROUPS 2.1 What is a Group? Characteristics of Groups 3. WHY DO PEOPLE JOIN GROUPS? People join groups for a variety of social, emotional, and practical reasons. Key motives include: 1. Security 2. Social Identity 3. Affiliation
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS – Detailed Notes (Point-Wise) 1. Introduction 2. Concepts of Abnormality and Psychological Disorders A. Meaning of Abnormality Abnormality is defined using the following criteria: 1. Statistical Infrequency 2. Violation of Social Norms 3. Maladaptive Behaviour 4. Personal Distress 5. Impairment in Daily Functioning 6. Cultural Relativity B. Meaning of Psychological Disorder 3. Classification
🌟 PSYCHOLOGY – CLASS 12 (CBSE) 1. Introduction 2. Self and Personality Self Personality Relationship Between Self and Personality 3. Concept of Self The concept of self consists of two major components: (A) Personal Identity (B) Social Identity 4. Cognitive and Behavioural Aspects of Self The self has several psychological dimensions which explain how we
🌟 PSYCHOLOGY – CLASS 12 (CBSE) 1. Introduction 2. Self and Personality Self Personality Relationship Between Self and Personality 3. Concept of Self The concept of self consists of two major components: (A) Personal Identity (B) Social Identity 4. Cognitive and Behavioural Aspects of Self The self has several psychological dimensions which explain how we
PSYCHOLOGY – CLASS 12 (CBSE) 1. Introduction 2. Individual Differences in Human Functioning Causes of Individual Differences Areas of Individual Differences Educational Importance of Individual Differences 3. Assessment of Psychological Attributes Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Types of Psychological Tests Observation Method Interview Method Self-Report Measures 4. Intelligence Nature of Intelligence Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Categories: 5.
CHAPTER 8 — CONTROLLING 1. MEANING OF CONTROLLING 2. CONTROL THROUGH COMPUTER MONITORING Technology has transformed the way organizations control activities.Computer-based control systems help managers track performance in real time. A. Meaning of Computer Monitoring B. Examples of Computer-Based Control 1. Management Information Systems (MIS) 2. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems 3. Computer-Aided Quality Control
DIRECTING — CLASS 12 BUSINESS STUDIES (CBSE) 1. INTRODUCTION 2. MEANING OF DIRECTING 3. IMPORTANCE OF DIRECTING 1. Initiates Action 2. Integrates Efforts 3. Motivates Employees 4. Provides Leadership 5. Facilitates Communication 6. Ensures Stability and Adaptability 7. Improves Efficiency 8. Builds Team Spirit 9. Develops Future Leaders 10. Enhances Organizational Growth 4. SUPERVISION Meaning
BUSINESS STUDIES – CLASS 12 CHAPTER 6 – STAFFING 1. INTRODUCTION 2. MEANING OF STAFFING 3. IMPORTANCE OF STAFFING (1) Efficient Performance of Other Functions (2) Optimum Utilisation of Human Resources (3) Helps in Recruitment and Selection (4) Employee Development (5) Builds Higher Morale (6) Increased Productivity (7) Key to Long-Term Organisational Survival (8) Planning
BUSINESS STUDIES – CLASS 12 CHAPTER 5: ORGANISING 1. Meaning of Organising 2. Steps in the Process of Organising 1. Identification and Division of Work 2. Grouping of Activities (Departmentalisation) 3. Assignment of Duties 4. Establishing Authority and Responsibility Relationships 5. Providing Equipment and Resources 6. Coordinating Activities 3. Importance of Organising 1. Benefits of
BUSINESS STUDIES – CLASS 12 CHAPTER 4: PLANNING 1. INTRODUCTION 2. CONCEPT OF PLANNING 3. IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING 1. Provides Direction 2. Reduces Risks and Uncertainty 3. Facilitates Coordination 4. Economy in Operations 5. Encourages Innovation and Creativity 6. Improves Decision-Making 7. Establishes Standards for Controlling 8. Helps in Anticipating Future Opportunities 9. Leads to
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT — CLASS 12 CBSE 1. Meaning of Business Environment 2. Importance of Business Environment 3. Dimensions of Business Environment Business environment is generally classified into five major dimensions: A. Economic Environment B. Social Environment C. Political Environment D. Technological Environment E. Legal Environment 4. Economic Environment in India India’s economic environment has changed
BUSINESS STUDIES – CLASS 12 1. INTRODUCTION 2. PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT – THE CONCEPT Features of Management Principles 3. NATURE OF PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT 4. SIGNIFICANCE OF PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT 1. Provide guidelines to managers 2. Improve organisational efficiency 3. Scientific decision-making 4. Adaptation to changing environment 5. Fulfil social responsibility 6. Management training, education
Chapter 8 – International Trade 1. INTRODUCTION 2. HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2.1 Ancient & Medieval Period 2.2 Age of Exploration (15th–17th Century) 2.3 Industrial Revolution (18th–19th Century) 2.4 20th Century to Post-World War Era 2.5 21st Century Globalization 3. BASIS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE Countries participate in trade due to several economic, geographic, and resource-based
Chapter 7 – Transport and Communication 1. INTRODUCTION TRANSPORT 2. MODES OF TRANSPORTATION Transport is classified into three major modes: Each mode has its own specialized infrastructure, advantages and limitations. A. LAND TRANSPORT Land transport is the oldest and most widely used means of transportation. It includes: 3. HIGHWAYS Characteristics Types of Highways Importance 4.
⭐ Class 12 Geography – Chapter 6: Tertiary and Quaternary Activities 1. Meaning of Tertiary and Quaternary Activities 1.1 Tertiary Activities 1.2 Quaternary Activities 2. Types of Tertiary Activities 3. Trade and Commerce 3.1 Meaning 3.2 Types of Trade A. Internal (Domestic) Trade B. External (Foreign) Trade 3.3 Importance of Trade and Commerce 4. Retail
Class 12 Geography – Chapter 5: Secondary Activities (Point-wise, 4000 Words Approx.) 1. Meaning of Secondary Activities 2. Manufacturing 2.1 Meaning 2.2 Importance 2.3 Types of Manufacturing Processes 3. Uneven Geographic Distribution of Industries 3.1 Reasons for Uneven Distribution 3.2 Factors Causing Regional Concentration 3.3 Examples of Regional Industrial Concentration 4. Access to Agglomeration Economies
PRIMARY ACTIVITIES (Class 12 Geography – Course A, Chapter 4) 1. INTRODUCTION TO PRIMARY ACTIVITIES 2. HUNTING AND GATHERING A. Definition B. Features of Hunting and Gathering C. Areas Where It Exists Today D. Decline of Hunting and Gathering 3. PASTORALISM A. Meaning B. Characteristics C. Types of Pastoralism 1. Nomadic Pastoralism Features: Examples: 2.
📘 CBSE SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER Class XII – Geography (Course A) Chapter 1: Human Geography – Nature and Scope Total Marks: 70Time: 3 Hours SECTION A — VERY SHORT ANSWER (MCQs & One-word) [1 × 14 = 14 Marks] Q1. Human Geography deals with: a) Physical features onlyb) Human and natural relationshipsc) Climate elements onlyd)
📘 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY – NATURE AND SCOPE (POINT-WISE NOTES) 1. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 2. NATURE OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 2.1 Meaning and Characteristics 2.2 Naturalisation of Humans 2.3 Humanisation of Nature 3. FIELDS AND SUB-FIELDS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Human geography is divided into several specialised branches. 3.1 Social Geography 3.2 Cultural Geography 3.3 Economic Geography
📝 CBSE SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER General Instructions: SECTION – A (Very Short Answer Questions – 1 mark each) (Answer in one line each) Answer Key (Section A): SECTION – B (Short Answer Questions – 2 marks each) (Answer in about 50–60 words each) Answer Key (Section B): SECTION – C (Short Answer Questions – 3
🧭 CBSE Sample Paper – Political Science Class 12 Chapter 2: Contemporary Centres of Power 🟩 सेक्शन A – बहुत लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न (1 अंक प्रत्येक) ❓प्रश्न 1: यूरोपीय संघ (EU) की स्थापना किस संधि से हुई थी?उत्तर: मास्ट्रिख संधि (Maastricht Treaty), 1992। ❓प्रश्न 2: ASEAN का पूर्ण रूप लिखिए।उत्तर: Association of South East Asian
🧭 Chapter 2: Contemporary Centres of Power (Class 12 Political Science – Course A) 🔹 Introduction 🟩 1. European Union (EU) 🌍 Formation and Background ⚙️ Objectives of the EU 💶 The Eurozone and Economic Integration 🛡️ Military and Political Influence 💡 Significance of the European Union ⚖️ Challenges Before the EU 🧭 Conclusion on
🧾 कक्षा 12 – राजनीति विज्ञान (Course A) अध्याय 1: द्विध्रुवीयता का अंत (The End of Bipolarity) CBSE पैटर्न नमूना प्रश्नपत्र (उत्तर सहित) कुल अंक: 50 | समय: 2 घंटे 🟩 खंड – A (अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न – 1 अंक प्रत्येक) (प्रत्येक प्रश्न के उत्तर 30–40 शब्दों में दीजिए।) प्र.1. सोवियत व्यवस्था क्या थी?उत्तर:सोवियत व्यवस्था एक
🧾 Class 12 Political Science – Course A Sample Paper (CBSE Pattern) Chapter 1: The End of Bipolarity (Based on NCERT + CBSE 2025–26 syllabus)Marks: 50 | Time: 2 Hours 🟩 SECTION – A (Very Short Answer Questions – 1 mark each) Q1. What was the Soviet System?Answer:The Soviet System was a socialist political and
Chapter 1 – The End of Bipolarity 1. Introduction 2. What Was the Soviet System 3. Gorbachev and the Disintegration of the USSR 4. Why Did the Soviet Union Disintegrate The disintegration of the USSR in December 1991 was one of the most significant events of the twentieth century.Major reasons are as follows: 5. Shock
📘 Chapter 2: Rebels and the Raj – The Revolt of 1857 and Its Representations 🔹 Introduction 🔹 1. Pattern of the Uprising 🔸 1.1 The Beginning at Meerut 🔸 1.2 Spread to Delhi 🔸 1.3 Spread of the Revolt Across North India 🔸 1.4 Nature of Leadership 🔹 2. Awadh in Revolt 🔸 2.1
Liberalisation, Privatisation & Globalisation — Notes (Economic Reforms since 1991) Liberalisation, Privatisation & Globalisation — Notes (Economic Reforms since 1991) 1. Introduction — Short summary In 1991 India initiated a major shift in economic policy to open and integrate the economy with the world — commonly referred to as Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation (LPG). These
HISTORY CLASS 12 (COURSE C) CHAPTER 1 – COLONIALISM AND THE COUNTRYSIDE: EXPLORING OFFICIAL ARCHIVES Introduction 1. Bengal and the Zamindars 1.1 Background: The East India Company as Ruler 1.2 The Permanent Settlement (1793) 1.3 Consequences of Permanent Settlement 1.4 The Zamindar and His Estate 1.5 The Raiyat (Peasant) and the Village 1.6 Rural Tensions
Chapter 4 — Peasants, Zamindars and the State: Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire (c. Sixteenth–Seventeenth Centuries) 🌾 1. Introduction: Agrarian Life in Mughal India 🌾 2. Peasants and Agricultural Production a. Types of Peasants b. Agricultural Technology c. Irrigation and Water Management d. Ownership and Taxation e. Peasant Resistance 🌾 3. The Village Community
🏰 SAMPLE PAPER (CBSE BOARD PATTERN) Class XII – History (Course B) Chapter: An Imperial Capital – Vijayanagara (c. 14th–16th Century) Time: 3 Hours | Max Marks: 80No Copyright – Free for Education 🧾 General Instructions: SECTION – A: Very Short Answer Questions (1 × 4 = 4 Marks) (Answer each question in 30–40 words)
Sample Paper – Theory of Consumer Behaviour (50 Marks) CBSE Sample Paper – Theory of Consumer Behaviour (50 Marks) Economics Class 12 | With Answers Section A – Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark each) 1. Define utility. [1] Utility refers to the satisfaction obtained from consuming a good or service. 2. What is Marginal
🏰 Chapter 3 – An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara (c. 14th–16th Century) (CBSE Class 12 – History, Course B) 🪶 1. The Discovery of Hampi 1.1 Rediscovery of Vijayanagara 1.2 Sources of Reconstruction 1.3 Challenges in Historical Reconstruction 🌆 2. Vijayanagara – The Capital and Its Environs 2.1 Foundation of the Empire 2.2 Political Background 2.3
Sample Paper – Production & Costs (50 Marks) Sample Paper – Production & Costs (50 Marks) Economics Class 12 | CBSE Pattern Section A – Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark each) 1. Define Production Function. [1] It shows the technological relationship between inputs and output: Q = f(L, K). 2. What is the difference
