🧭 Chapter 2: Contemporary Centres of Power (Class 12 Political Science – Course A) 🔹 Introduction 🟩 1. European Union (EU) 🌍 Formation and Background ⚙️ Objectives of the EU 💶 The Eurozone and Economic Integration 🛡️ Military and Political Influence 💡 Significance of the European Union ⚖️ Challenges Before the EU 🧭 Conclusion on […]
🧾 कक्षा 12 – राजनीति विज्ञान (Course A) अध्याय 1: द्विध्रुवीयता का अंत (The End of Bipolarity) CBSE पैटर्न नमूना प्रश्नपत्र (उत्तर सहित) कुल अंक: 50 | समय: 2 घंटे 🟩 खंड – A (अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न – 1 अंक प्रत्येक) (प्रत्येक प्रश्न के उत्तर 30–40 शब्दों में दीजिए।) प्र.1. सोवियत व्यवस्था क्या थी?उत्तर:सोवियत व्यवस्था एक
🧾 Class 12 Political Science – Course A Sample Paper (CBSE Pattern) Chapter 1: The End of Bipolarity (Based on NCERT + CBSE 2025–26 syllabus)Marks: 50 | Time: 2 Hours 🟩 SECTION – A (Very Short Answer Questions – 1 mark each) Q1. What was the Soviet System?Answer:The Soviet System was a socialist political and
📘 Chapter 2: Rebels and the Raj – The Revolt of 1857 and Its Representations 🔹 Introduction 🔹 1. Pattern of the Uprising 🔸 1.1 The Beginning at Meerut 🔸 1.2 Spread to Delhi 🔸 1.3 Spread of the Revolt Across North India 🔸 1.4 Nature of Leadership 🔹 2. Awadh in Revolt 🔸 2.1
Liberalisation, Privatisation & Globalisation — Notes (Economic Reforms since 1991) Liberalisation, Privatisation & Globalisation — Notes (Economic Reforms since 1991) 1. Introduction — Short summary In 1991 India initiated a major shift in economic policy to open and integrate the economy with the world — commonly referred to as Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation (LPG). These
HISTORY CLASS 12 (COURSE C) CHAPTER 1 – COLONIALISM AND THE COUNTRYSIDE: EXPLORING OFFICIAL ARCHIVES Introduction 1. Bengal and the Zamindars 1.1 Background: The East India Company as Ruler 1.2 The Permanent Settlement (1793) 1.3 Consequences of Permanent Settlement 1.4 The Zamindar and His Estate 1.5 The Raiyat (Peasant) and the Village 1.6 Rural Tensions
Class XI Economics — Chapter 1: Introduction — Sample Paper (50 Marks) — Bilingual Class XI — Economics Chapter 1: Introduction — A Simple Economy Sample Question Paper (CBSE pattern) — Total Marks: 50 Bilingual: English / हिन्दी Instructions / निर्देश: All questions are compulsory. / सभी प्रश्न अनिवार्य हैं। Write the question number clearly
Chapter 4 — Peasants, Zamindars and the State: Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire (c. Sixteenth–Seventeenth Centuries) 🌾 1. Introduction: Agrarian Life in Mughal India 🌾 2. Peasants and Agricultural Production a. Types of Peasants b. Agricultural Technology c. Irrigation and Water Management d. Ownership and Taxation e. Peasant Resistance 🌾 3. The Village Community
🏰 SAMPLE PAPER (CBSE BOARD PATTERN) Class XII – History (Course B) Chapter: An Imperial Capital – Vijayanagara (c. 14th–16th Century) Time: 3 Hours | Max Marks: 80No Copyright – Free for Education 🧾 General Instructions: SECTION – A: Very Short Answer Questions (1 × 4 = 4 Marks) (Answer each question in 30–40 words)
Sample Paper – Theory of Consumer Behaviour (50 Marks) CBSE Sample Paper – Theory of Consumer Behaviour (50 Marks) Economics Class 12 | With Answers Section A – Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark each) 1. Define utility. [1] Utility refers to the satisfaction obtained from consuming a good or service. 2. What is Marginal
🏰 Chapter 3 – An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara (c. 14th–16th Century) (CBSE Class 12 – History, Course B) 🪶 1. The Discovery of Hampi 1.1 Rediscovery of Vijayanagara 1.2 Sources of Reconstruction 1.3 Challenges in Historical Reconstruction 🌆 2. Vijayanagara – The Capital and Its Environs 2.1 Foundation of the Empire 2.2 Political Background 2.3
Sample Paper – Production & Costs (50 Marks) Sample Paper – Production & Costs (50 Marks) Economics Class 12 | CBSE Pattern Section A – Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark each) 1. Define Production Function. [1] It shows the technological relationship between inputs and output: Q = f(L, K). 2. What is the difference
🧾 CBSE Class 12 History (Course B) – Sample Paper Chapter 2: Bhakti-Sufi Traditions Full Marks: 100 Time: 3 HoursGeneral Instructions: Section A – Very Short Answer Questions (1 × 4 = 4 marks) Q1. What does the term Bhakti mean in Sanskrit?Answer: Bhakti means devotion or complete surrender to a personal god or goddess. It
Chapter 2 – Bhakti–Sufi Traditions: Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts (c. 8th to 18th Century) 1. A Mosaic of Religious Beliefs and Practices 1.1. The Pluralistic Religious Landscape 1.2. Temples and Pilgrimages 1.3. Image Worship and Rituals 1.4. Sacred Texts and Oral Traditions 1.5. Role of the Common People 2. Poems of Prayer
CBSE Class 12 Economics – Sample Paper (Production & Costs) CBSE Class 12 Economics – Sample PaperChapter: Production and Costs Maximum Marks: 50 Time: 90 minutes Section A – Very Short Answer Questions (1 mark each) 1. Define Production Function. (1) Answer: It shows the technical relationship between inputs and output, indicating the maximum output from
Sample Paper — Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition (CBSE style) Sample Paper — Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition Class: 12 / Undergraduate (CBSE-style) | Total Marks: 50 | Time: 1½ hours Instructions: Attempt all Sections. Section A: MCQs (1 mark each). Section B: Short answer (3 marks
Market Equilibrium — Study Guide (Chapter 5) — CBSE Class 12 Market Equilibrium — Study Guide (Chapter 5) — CBSE Class 12 1. What this chapter is about This chapter explains how market prices and quantities are determined by the interaction of demand and supply, what happens when they do not match (excess demand or
CBSE Sample Paper – Market Equilibrium (Class 12 Economics) CBSE Class 12 Economics – Sample Paper (Chapter 5: Market Equilibrium) Time: 3 Hours | Maximum Marks: 80 General Instructions: All questions are compulsory. Answer the questions briefly and to the point. Support answers with diagrams and equations wherever applicable. Marks for each question are indicated
🏛️ CBSE SAMPLE PAPER – HISTORY (CLASS XII) Course B – Chapter 1: Through the Eyes of Travellers (Perceptions of Society) Maximum Marks: 30 (Full Chapter-based Test)Time: 1½ Hours(All Questions are Compulsory) SECTION – A (Very Short Answer Type) (1 mark each × 5 = 5 marks) Q1. Who was Al-Biruni and what was his
HISTORY – CLASS 12 (COURSE B) CHAPTER 1: THROUGH THE EYES OF TRAVELLERS PERCEPTIONS OF SOCIETY (c. Tenth to Seventeenth Century) 1. Introduction 2. Al-Biruni and the Kitab-ul-Hind (i) Background (ii) Kitab-ul-Hind (iii) Objective and Approach 3. Making Sense of an Alien World: Al-Biruni and the Sanskritic Tradition (i) Understanding Indian Society (ii) Views on
बाजार संतुलन – अध्ययन गाइड (अध्याय 5) बाज़ार संतुलन — अध्ययन गाइड (अध्याय 5) 1. परिचय यह अध्याय अध्ययन करता है कि कैसे बाज़ार संतुलन (Market Equilibrium) बनता है, अधिशेष मांग (Excess Demand) और अधिशेष आपूर्ति (Excess Supply) क्या होते हैं, तथा नीतिगत हस्तक्षेप (जैसे मूल्य सीमा और मूल्य तल्ला) के प्रभाव। दो संदर्भों में
Market Equilibrium – Study Guide (Chapter 5) Market Equilibrium — Study Guide (Chapter 5) 1. Introduction This chapter studies how markets reach equilibrium, what happens when supply and demand do not match (excess demand or excess supply), and how market structure and entry/exit affect equilibrium outcomes. We analyse two broad cases: market with a fixed
The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition — Study Guide (Chapter 4) The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition — Study Guide (Chapter 4) 1. Introduction The study of theory of the firm analyses how firms make production and pricing decisions to maximize profit, given technology and market conditions. This chapter focuses on
Production & Costs — Study Guide (Chapter 3) Production & Costs — Study Guide (Chapter 3) 1. Production Function — Basic Idea Production function expresses technical relationship between inputs (factors) and output: how much output can be produced from given inputs. General form: Q = f(L, K, T, …) where Q = output, L =
Theory of Consumer Behaviour – Study Guide Theory of Consumer Behaviour — Study Guide 1. Preliminary Notations and Assumptions Consumer consumes many goods; analysis often simplifies to two goods (x and y) for graphical clarity. Basic assumptions: completeness (consumer can rank bundles), transitivity (consistent rankings), non-satiation (more is preferred to less), and continuity (no jumps
Open Economy Macroeconomics – Study Guide (BoP, FX & Open Economy Income) Open Economy Macroeconomics — Study Guide 1. Introduction to Open Economy Macroeconomics Open economy: an economy that engages in trade (goods & services) and financial transactions with other countries. Key differences from closed economy: presence of exports (X), imports (M), cross-border capital flows,
CBSE Sample Paper – Chapter 5: Government Budget and the Economy (Expanded) CBSE Sample Paper – Chapter 5: Government Budget and the Economy (Expanded) General Instructions All questions are compulsory. Use examples wherever required. Answer in clear and concise language. Diagrams and illustrations are encouraged for explanations. Part A: Very Short Answer Questions (1 mark
Government Budget and the Economy – Class 12 Study Guide (Chapter 5) Government Budget and the Economy – Study Guide (Chapter 5) 1. Government Budget — Meaning and Components Government Budget is a statement of the government’s estimated receipts (income) and expenditure for a financial year. It represents the government’s plan for managing public finances
Class 12 Economics – Sample Paper (Chapter 4: Determination of Income & Employment) Class 12 Economics – Sample Paper (Chapter 4) Topic: Determination of Income & Employment | Maximum Marks: 40 Time: 90 minutes SECTION A — Objective Type Questions (1 × 10 = 10 marks) Q1. Which of the following is the correct
🏛️ CBSE CLASS 12 – HISTORY (Course A) Chapter 3: Kinship, Caste and Class – Early Societies (c. 600 BCE–600 CE)Maximum Marks: 80 Time: 3 hours Instructions Section A – Very Short Answer Questions (1 × 5 = 5 marks) (20–30 words each) Q1. What is meant by “Kinship” in early Indian societies?Answer: Kinship refers to
🏛️ Chapter 3 – Kinship, Caste and Class: Early Societies (c. 600 BCE – 600 CE) 1. Introduction 2. The Critical Edition of the Mahabharata 3. Kinship and Marriage (a) Meaning of Kinship (b) The Family (Kula) (c) Marriage Rules 4. Many Rules and Varied Practices 5. Social Differences: Within and Beyond the Framework of
Determination of Income & Employment – Class 12 Study Guide (Chapter 4) Determination of Income & Employment – Study Guide (Chapter 4) 1. Aggregate Demand and Its Components Aggregate demand (AD) is the total planned expenditure on final goods and services in an economy at a given price level and time period. In a simple
🏛️ CBSE Class 12 – History (Course A) Chapter 2: Kings, Farmers and Towns – Early States and Economies (c. 600 BCE – 600 CE) Maximum Marks: 80 Time: 3 Hours 🧾 General Instructions Section A – Very Short Answer Questions (1 × 5 = 5 marks) (Answer in 20–30 words) Q1. Who deciphered the Brahmi
Class 12 Economics Sample Paper – Money and Banking (With Answers) Class 12 Economics Sample Paper (2025)Chapter 3: Money and Banking – With Answers Maximum Marks: 40 Time: 90 minutes SECTION A — Objective Type Questions (1 × 10 = 10 Marks) Q1. Money acts as a medium of exchange because it — (a) Eliminates the
🏛️ Chapter 2: Kings, Farmers and Towns — Early States and Economies (c. 600 BCE – 600 CE) Introduction 1. Prinsep and Piyadassi James Prinsep (1799–1840) Piyadassi (“Beloved of the Gods”) Significance 2. The Earliest States (c. 600 BCE – 400 BCE) Background The Sixteen Mahajanapadas Features Rise of Magadha 3. An Early Empire —
Money and Banking – Class 12 Study Guide (Chapter 3) Money and Banking – Study Guide (Chapter 3) 1. Functions of Money In economics, the concept of money refers to any commodity or token that is generally accepted as a method of payment. 0 Money performs several essential functions: Medium of Exchange: Money is widely
🏛️ CBSE Class 12 History (Course A) — Sample Paper Chapter 1: Bricks, Beads and Bones — The Harappan Civilization Maximum Marks: 80Time Allowed: 3 HoursGeneral Instructions: Section A — Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark each) (Answer each in 20–30 words) Q1. Who first discovered the site of Harappa and in which year?Answer: Harappa
Chapter 1 — Bricks, Beads and Bones: The Harappan Civilization 1. Introduction: The Harappan Civilization 2. Beginnings of the Harappan Civilization 3. Subsistence Strategies (a) Agriculture (b) Animal Husbandry (c) Fishing and Hunting (d) Trade and Resource Exchange 4. Mohenjo-Daro: A Planned Urban Centre (a) Town Planning (b) Drainage System (c) Architecture (d) The Great
कक्षा 12 अर्थशास्त्र – राष्ट्रीय आय लेखांकन सैंपल पेपर (उत्तर सहित) कक्षा 12 अर्थशास्त्रसैंपल पेपर – राष्ट्रीय आय लेखांकन (उत्तर सहित) समय: 3 घंटे | अधिकतम अंक: 80 खंड A – बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न (प्रत्येक 1 अंक) 1. कौन-सी विधि राष्ट्रीय आय को सभी कारक आयों को जोड़कर मापती है?(1) आय विधि (Income Method) 2. GNP
Time: 3 Hours | Maximum Marks: 80 CBSE Class 12 Economics – National Income Accounting Sample Paper (With Answers) CBSE Class 12 EconomicsSample Paper – National Income Accounting (With Answers) Time: 3 Hours | Maximum Marks: 80 SECTION A – Multiple Choice Questions (1 mark each) 1. Which method measures National Income by adding all
