CBSE Class 12 Physics Exam 2025 – Deep Analysis The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) conducted the Class 12 Physics Examination 2025 on February 21, from 10:30 AM to 1:30 PM. This paper is vital for students aspiring for engineering, medical sciences, and physics-related careers. In this comprehensive analysis, we will explore the exam […]
π Long Answer Questions (350 words) 1. π Define Human Geography and Discuss Its Scope. Human Geography is the study of the relationship between human beings and their environment. It focuses on how human activity impacts, shapes, and is influenced by physical spaces. This branch of geography emphasizes the spatial distribution of human populations, resources,
π Long Answer Questions (350 words) 1. π Discuss the Various Types of Rural Settlements and Their Characteristics. 2. π Explain the Problems Faced by Rural Settlements. 3. π What is Urbanization, and How Does It Impact Society and the Economy? 4. π Describe the Different Patterns of Rural Settlements. 5. π What are the
π Population: Distribution, Density, and Growth π 1. Distribution of Population 2. Density of Population 3. Growth of Population π Migration: Types and Causes π 1. Definition of Migration 2. Types of Migration 3. Causes of Migration π Population Change and Its Effects π 1. Definition of Population Change 2. Factors Contributing to Population Change
π Nature and Scope of Human Geography π Human Geography is the branch of geography that deals with the study of people and their communities, cultures, economies, and interactions with the environment by examining their relations with and across space and place. Human geography is a wide-ranging field that includes several sub-disciplines and various methodologies.
π Chapter : The Mughal Empire π The Mughal Empire is one of the most significant empires in Indian history, both in terms of its size and cultural impact. Spanning over two centuries (1526-1857), the Mughal Empire transformed the Indian subcontinent in terms of politics, culture, economy, and society. This chapter focuses on the rise,
π Chapter : The Delhi Sultanate π The Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 CE) was a period of Muslim rule in India that marked a significant transformation in the countryβs political, cultural, and social fabric. Spanning more than three centuries, this era witnessed the rise of several dynasties and the establishment of Muslim governance in northern India.
π Chapter : The Harshavardhana Empire π The Harshavardhana Empire (c. 606β647 CE) was a major Indian empire in the 7th century and stands out as an important phase in Indian history. The empire was founded by Harshavardhana and ruled by him at its peak, marking a time of political unity, cultural achievements, and significant
π Chapter : The Gupta Empire π The Gupta Empire, often referred to as the Golden Age of India, was a period of significant advancement in arts, science, literature, and culture. Spanning from around 320 CE to 550 CE, the Gupta Empire created the foundation for Indian civilization that influenced much of the subcontinent and
π Chapter : The Mauryan Empire π The Mauryan Empire, one of the largest and most powerful empires in Indian history, played a pivotal role in shaping the political, social, and cultural landscape of ancient India. Founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 321 BCE, the Mauryan dynasty established a strong centralized state, ensuring stability across vast
π Chapter : The Vedic Period π πΏ The Vedic Age: A Transition into the Vedic World πΏ The Vedic period in Indian history, spanning approximately from 1500 BCE to 600 BCE, marks a transformative era following the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization. This period is closely associated with the migration of the Indo-Aryans
π The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC): A Glimpse of Ancient Genius The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), one of the earliest urban societies, flourished around 2500 BCE to 1500 BCE. This civilization, spread across the vast Indus and Sarasvati river valleys, is renowned for its advanced urban planning, innovative technologies, and trade networks. From bustling cities
Decolonisation: The End of Empires & Birth of New Nations π Introduction Decolonisation refers to the process by which colonies gained independence from colonial powers. It was one of the most significant political transformations of the 20th century, leading to the creation of new nations and reshaping global politics. Key Years: 1945β1990Major Colonial Powers: Britain,
β³ Years: 1939 β 1945βοΈ Key Players: Allies vs. Axisπ₯ Most Devastating War Ever: Over 70 million lives lostπ Game-Changers: Atomic bombs, Blitzkrieg, Codebreaking π Why Did the World Go to War? 1οΈβ£ The Treaty of Versailles: A Powder Keg (1919) After World War I, Germany got the short end of the stickβforced to disarm,
π 1. Fiscal Overview β Whereβs the Money Going? β Total Budget Size: βΉ50.65 lakh croreβ Revenue Target: βΉ34.96 lakh croreβ Fiscal Deficit: Reduced to 4.4% of GDP (from 4.8% last year)β Capital Expenditure: βΉ11.21 lakh crore π° (Boosting infrastructure & growth) π‘ Why It Matters? π° 2. Income Tax Reforms β More Savings for
The key differences between the ISC and CBSE chemistry syllabus: 1. Depth and Detail π 2. Focus and Approach π― 3. Practical Component π¬ These differences reflect how both boards approach learning and teaching chemistry, with ISC providing a more theoretical depth and research exposure, while CBSE focuses on preparing students for entrance exams and
π¬ Practical : Chemistry π¬ CBSE Chemistry Practical π¬ ISC Chemistry Practical π¬ Key Takeaways π: Examples of experiments (like titrations and preparations) help students grasp essential practical skills for understanding chemical reactions, calculating concentrations, and preparing compounds in a laboratory setting.
π Chemistry’s Role in Everyday Life π π Chemistry in Medicine π Pharmacology: π² Chemistry in Food π² Enzymes in Food: 𧴠Chemistry in Detergents and Cleaning Products 𧴠Antiseptics and Disinfectants: π± Chemicals in the Environment π± Effects of Pollution: π¬ Applications in Everyday Life π¬ π Key Takeaways π
π Introduction to Solid State π ποΈ Types of Solids ποΈ π Crystal Systems and Laws of Crystallography π Seven Crystal Systems: Laws of Crystallography: π Properties of Solids π π§ Defects in Solids π§ Crystal Defects: Imperfections in the regular arrangement of atoms in a crystal. They can affect the properties of solids like
π Introduction to Solutions π π Types of Solutions π π’ Concentration Terms π’ π§ͺ Colligative Properties π§ͺ π Key Concepts to Remember π
π Introduction to Electrochemistry π π Electrochemical Cells π βοΈ Electrolytic Cells & Electrolysis βοΈ π‘ Conductance & Factors Affecting Conductivity π‘ β‘ Electrochemical Series β‘ π Nernst Equation π π§ͺ Gibbs Free Energy and Electrochemistry π§ͺ Where: π§° Applications of Electrochemistry π§° β‘ Conclusion β‘
π Introduction to Chemical Kinetics π β±οΈ Rate of Reaction β±οΈ βοΈ Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction βοΈ π§ͺ Rate Laws and Order of Reaction π§ͺ π‘ Arrhenius Equation π‘ Where: π Integrated Rate Equations for Different Orders π π¬ Activation Energy and Its Significance π¬ β‘ Collision Theory β‘ π Experimental Determination of
β¨ Introduction to Surface Chemistry β¨ π Adsorption π π§ͺ Types of Adsorption π§ͺ βοΈ Factors Affecting Adsorption βοΈ π Colloidal Systems π π§βπ¬ Types of Colloids π§βπ¬ π§ͺ Preparation of Colloids π§ͺ π Properties of Colloids π π₯ Catalysis π₯ π§βπ¬ Types of Catalysis π§βπ¬ β‘ Catalytic Activity and Mechanism ①𧩠Colloidal Stability
π Introduction to Extraction of Elements π π Methods of Extraction π The methods used to extract metals depend on the nature of the ore, reactivity of the metal, and presence of impurities. The key methods of extraction include: 𧲠Magnetic Separation 𧲠π§ͺ Solvent Extraction π§ͺ π₯ Roasting and Calcination π₯ β‘ Electrolytic Reduction
π Introduction to p-Block Elements π βοΈ Groups in p-Block Elements βοΈ π₯ Trends in Properties of p-Block Elements π₯ 𧬠Preparation and Properties of Compounds 𧬠π‘ Important Reactions in p-Block Compounds π‘ π Applications of p-Block Elements π π Conclusion π
π Introduction to d- and f-Block Elements π βοΈ Properties of Transition Metals βοΈ π Color and Magnetism in d-Block Compounds π π‘ Lanthanides and Actinides π‘ π₯ Uses of d- and f-Block Elements π₯ π Conclusion π
π What Are Coordination Compounds? π π§° Key Terms in Coordination Compounds π§° π§ͺ Wernerβs Theory π§ͺ π‘ Valence Bond Theory (VBT) π‘ π Crystal Field Theory (CFT) π β‘ Applications of Coordination Compounds β‘ π Conclusion π
𧴠1. Haloalkanes (Alkyl halides) π§ͺ Nomenclature: Preparation of Haloalkanes: Chemical Properties of Haloalkanes: Industrial Uses of Haloalkanes: πΏ 2. Haloarenes (Aromatic halides) πΈ Nomenclature: Preparation of Haloarenes: Electrophilic Substitution Reactions in Haloarenes: Chemical Properties of Haloarenes: Industrial Uses of Haloarenes: πΈ Conclusion 𧴠πΏ
π 1. Alcohols (Functional Group -OH) π§ Structure and Functional Group: Preparation of Alcohols: Chemical Properties of Alcohols: Uses of Alcohols: πΏ 2. Phenols (Functional Group -OH attached to an aromatic ring) πΊ Structure and Functional Group: Preparation of Phenols: Acidity of Phenols: Chemical Reactions of Phenols: Uses of Phenols: πΈ 3. Ethers (Functional Group
πΏ Introduction to Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids π Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids are important organic compounds with distinct functional groups and diverse applications in fragrances, flavours, and pharmaceuticals. Their preparation methods, reactivity, and uses make them integral to several industries. βοΈ 1. Aldehydes (Functional Group -CHO) π π§ͺ Structure and Functional Group π¬
πΏ Introduction to Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compounds π§βπ¬ Organic compounds containing nitrogen are of immense importance in the pharmaceutical, dye, and agricultural industries. The key nitrogen compounds studied in this unit include: These compounds exhibit diverse properties and play critical roles in various chemical reactions. βοΈ 1. Amines (Basic Nitrogen Compounds) π π§ͺ Structure of Amines
π What are Biomolecules? π§βπ¬ πΏ Types of Biomolecules π± 1. π Carbohydrates (Energy Powerhouses) 2. π Proteins (Body Builders) 3. π§ Lipids (Fatty Energy Sources) 4. 𧬠Nucleic Acids (Genetic Blueprints) β¨ Enzymes and Their Mechanisms of Action π¬ π Vitamins, Hormones, and Their Biological Significance π 1. π Vitamins (Micronutrient Warriors) 2. π§βπ¬
π What are Polymers? π§βπ¬ π¨ Classification of Polymers π π Types of Polymers βοΈ π Uses of Polymers in Industry and Daily Life π π Polymers Around Us π± π‘ Interesting Facts π€ β¨ Summary π ! ππ§ͺ
1. Definition of Ecology π± 2. Levels of Organization π¬ πΏ Ecosystem Structure and Function πΏ 1. Components of Ecosystems π±π 2. Energy Flow in Ecosystems π‘ 3. Energy Transfer Efficiency π π± Biogeochemical Cycles π 1. Water Cycle π§ 2. Carbon Cycle π³ 3. Nitrogen Cycle πΎ π Environmental Issues π 1. Biodiversity and
1. Pathogens and Diseases π¦ 2. Immune System and Immunity π‘οΈ 3. Vaccination π 4. Human Diseases and Their Prevention π¬ πΎ Improvement in Food Production πΎ 1. Plant Breeding π± 2. Tissue Culture 𧫠3. Biotechnology in Agriculture 𧬠𧬠Microorganisms in Human Welfare 𧬠1. Microbes in Food Production π 2. Microorganisms in
π Biotechnology: Principles and Techniques π π± Applications of Biotechnology π± 1. In Medicine π 2. In Agriculture πΎ 3. In Industry π π¬ Genetic Engineering in Animals π π Environmental Applications π βοΈ Ethical and Social Issues in Biotechnology βοΈ Summary π Biotechnology is a rapidly advancing field with applications in medicine, agriculture, industry,
π INTRODUCTION π¬ PART 1: PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION πΏ Gregor Mendel β Father of Genetics π’ Mendelβs Laws of Inheritance 1οΈβ£ Law of Dominance β One allele is dominant over the other.2οΈβ£ Law of Segregation β Alleles separate during gamete formation.3οΈβ£ Law of Independent Assortment β Genes for different traits assort independently. πΌ
π¬ Introduction Reproduction is the biological process by which organisms produce their offspring. It ensures the continuity of species and can be of two types: πΏ ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION πΉ Features of Asexual Reproduction β Single parent involved.β Offspring are genetically identical (clones).β No gametes or fertilization involved.β Fast process, common in unicellular organisms and plants.
π± Introduction Plant physiology deals with how plants function, including processes like photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and transport of nutrients. These processes help plants grow, develop, and survive. βοΈ Photosynthesis β The Life Process of Plants π Definition: The process by which green plants make their own food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. π’ Equation:
π¬ Introduction Human physiology is the study of how different systems in the body function and work together to sustain life. The human body has several organ systems, each performing vital roles. π« The Human Digestive System π Function: Converts food into simpler substances for absorption and energy production.π Main Organs: π Key Concept: Digestion
