Class 11 Political Science Notes – Electoral System and Reforms

1. Universal Franchise and Right to Contest

Universal franchise ensures that every adult citizen has the right to vote, regardless of caste, religion, gender, education, or economic status.
In India, the voting age is 18 years and above, guaranteeing widespread participation in democracy.
The principle ensures political equality among citizens.
Voting rights are fundamental for democracy, reflecting the popular will in legislative processes.
Right to contest elections allows any eligible citizen to stand for public office, provided they meet age, nationality, and other legal criteria.
Both universal franchise and the right to contest are essential for representative democracy.
These rights prevent elitist domination and promote inclusive governance.
Restrictions exist only in cases such as criminal convictions, unsound mind, or holding certain public offices, to maintain integrity and fairness.
Universal franchise fosters active political participation, civic responsibility, and strengthens legitimacy of the government.

The Election Commission of India is a constitutional authority established under Article 324.
Its primary role is to supervise, direct, and control all elections in India.
Ensures free, fair, and impartial elections at national, state, and local levels.
Responsibilities include:
- Preparation and updating of electoral rolls.
- Monitoring election campaigns to ensure compliance with the Model Code of Conduct.
- Supervising political party registration and funding transparency.
- Resolving disputes regarding election results and candidate eligibility.
The commission is independent of executive influence, ensuring neutrality.
It plays a critical role in strengthening democracy by maintaining public trust.
Can recommend reforms for improving the efficiency and transparency of elections.
The Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners are appointed by the President of India.
Tenure and conditions of service are protected by the Constitution to maintain autonomy.

Electoral reforms aim to improve the democratic process and ensure greater transparency and accountability.
Key areas of reform include:
- Transparency in political funding to prevent the influence of money power.
- Strict enforcement of election laws and penalties for violations.
- Introduction of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) to reduce errors and fraud.
- Voter education campaigns to increase participation and awareness.
- Measures to reduce criminalization in politics, including disqualification of candidates with serious criminal charges.
- Reservation policies for women and marginalized groups to enhance representation.
- Periodic updating of electoral rolls to remove duplicates and include eligible voters.
- Use of technology for online voter registration, voter ID verification, and real-time monitoring.
Reforms aim to increase voter confidence, reduce malpractices, and strengthen representative democracy.
International best practices and Supreme Court guidelines also inform reforms.
Active civil society and media participation play a crucial role in promoting transparency.

Universal franchise and the right to contest are cornerstones of a representative democracy.
An independent Election Commission ensures the legitimacy, fairness, and transparency of elections.
Electoral reforms are essential for addressing challenges, including corruption, criminalization, and voter apathy.
Together, these mechanisms safeguard democracy, promote inclusive governance, and strengthen the voice of the people.
India’s democratic framework evolves continually, reflecting the aspirations of its citizens and ensuring accountable, responsive, and representative governance.