Part A – Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Who is the head of the State in India?
a) Prime Minister
b) President
c) Chief Justice
d) Speaker of Lok Sabha
Ans: b) President
Who is the real executive head in India?
a) President
b) Prime Minister
c) Governor
d) Chief Minister
Ans: b) Prime Minister
The Indian Parliament consists of:
a) Lok Sabha only
b) Rajya Sabha only
c) Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
d) Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, President
Ans: d) Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, President
Who appoints the Prime Minister of India?
a) Lok Sabha
b) Rajya Sabha
c) President
d) Chief Justice of India
Ans: c) President
The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is:
a) 452
b) 552
c) 350
d) 500
Ans: b) 552
The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha is:
a) 250
b) 275
c) 552
d) 300
Ans: a) 250
What is the tenure of the Lok Sabha?
a) 4 years
b) 5 years
c) 6 years
d) Unlimited
Ans: b) 5 years
Who presides over the Lok Sabha?
a) Vice President
b) Prime Minister
c) Speaker
d) Chief Justice
Ans: c) Speaker
Who presides over the Rajya Sabha?
a) President
b) Vice President
c) Speaker
d) Prime Minister
Ans: b) Vice President
Which is the highest judicial authority in India?
a) High Court
b) District Court
c) Supreme Court
d) Lok Adalat
Ans: c) Supreme Court
Who can dissolve the Lok Sabha?
a) Rajya Sabha
b) President
c) Prime Minister
d) Chief Justice
Ans: b) President
The highest law-making body in India is:
a) State Assembly
b) Parliament
c) Panchayat
d) Cabinet
Ans: b) Parliament
Who is called the “first among equals” in the Cabinet?
a) Speaker
b) Chief Justice
c) Prime Minister
d) President
Ans: c) Prime Minister
Which body controls government expenditure?
a) Parliament
b) Cabinet
c) Judiciary
d) Prime Minister
Ans: a) Parliament
Who can remove the judges of the Supreme Court?
a) President alone
b) Parliament alone
c) Parliament with special majority + President
d) Prime Minister
Ans: c) Parliament with special majority + President
What is judicial review?
a) Parliament checking judiciary
b) President checking judiciary
c) Judiciary checking validity of laws
d) Prime Minister checking laws
Ans: c) Judiciary checking validity of laws
Who addresses the joint session of Parliament?
a) Prime Minister
b) Vice President
c) President
d) Speaker
Ans: c) President
Who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces?
a) Prime Minister
b) Defence Minister
c) President
d) Army Chief
Ans: c) President
Which body acts as the guardian of the Constitution?
a) Parliament
b) Supreme Court
c) Election Commission
d) President
Ans: b) Supreme Court
The Union Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to:
a) Rajya Sabha
b) President
c) Lok Sabha
d) Judiciary
Ans: c) Lok Sabha
Part B – Assertion and Reason Questions
Instructions: Choose the correct option:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is NOT the correct explanation
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true
- Assertion (A): The Prime Minister is the real executive authority in India.
Reason (R): The President of India exercises all powers independently.
Ans: c) A is true, but R is false - A: Lok Sabha is called the House of the People.
R: Members of Lok Sabha are directly elected by citizens.
Ans: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation - A: Rajya Sabha can be dissolved anytime.
R: It is a permanent house that never dissolves completely.
Ans: d) A is false, but R is true - A: The President is the Supreme Commander of the armed forces.
R: He takes all decisions regarding war independently.
Ans: c) A is true, but R is false - A: The Judiciary in India is independent.
R: Judges cannot be removed easily except through impeachment.
Ans: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation - A: The Parliament is the highest law-making body in India.
R: It includes the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and the President.
Ans: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation - A: The Speaker presides over Rajya Sabha.
R: The Vice President is the Chairman of Rajya Sabha.
Ans: d) A is false, but R is true - A: The Prime Minister is called “first among equals.”
R: He heads the Council of Ministers and guides its work.
Ans: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation - A: Lok Sabha has a term of 6 years.
R: Lok Sabha’s actual term is 5 years unless dissolved earlier.
Ans: d) A is false, but R is true - A: The Supreme Court is the guardian of the Constitution.
R: It interprets the Constitution and reviews laws.
Ans: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation - A: Rajya Sabha represents the states of India.
R: Its members are elected by state legislative assemblies.
Ans: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation - A: The President must act according to the advice of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers.
R: India follows the principle of parliamentary democracy.
Ans: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation - A: Judiciary has the power of judicial review.
R: It can strike down laws that violate the Constitution.
Ans: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation - A: The Prime Minister is elected directly by the people.
R: He is appointed by the President after being elected leader of the majority party in Lok Sabha.
Ans: d) A is false, but R is true - A: The President addresses the joint session of Parliament.
R: This usually happens at the beginning of the first session after general elections.
Ans: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation - A: Parliament exercises control over the executive.
R: The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
Ans: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation - A: Rajya Sabha is more powerful than Lok Sabha.
R: Lok Sabha controls the budget and government confidence.
Ans: d) A is false, but R is true - A: Impeachment of the President requires a special majority in both houses.
R: This ensures that the President cannot be removed casually.
Ans: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation - A: Supreme Court judges are appointed by the Prime Minister.
R: They are appointed by the President in consultation with the judiciary.
Ans: d) A is false, but R is true - A: The Cabinet is the core group of ministers in the government.
R: It takes all major decisions on behalf of the Council of Ministers.
Ans: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation
Part C – Very Short Answer
1. Who is the nominal executive head of India?
The President of India is the nominal executive head of the country. He acts on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, representing the nation ceremonially but not exercising real political power independently.
2. Who is the real executive head of India?
The Prime Minister is the real executive head in India. He leads the Council of Ministers, takes all key policy decisions, and guides the government’s functioning while the President acts as the constitutional head of the state.
3. What are the two Houses of Parliament?
The Indian Parliament consists of two Houses: the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). Together with the President, they make laws, control government expenditure, and represent citizens at the national level.
4. What is the maximum strength of the Lok Sabha?
The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is 552 members. Out of these, 530 represent states, 20 represent Union Territories, and 2 may be nominated by the President from the Anglo-Indian community if required.
5. What is the maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha?
The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members. Out of these, 238 are elected by state legislatures, and 12 are nominated by the President for their expertise in art, science, literature, or social service.
6. Who presides over the Lok Sabha?
The Speaker presides over the Lok Sabha. The Speaker maintains order, conducts debates, allows members to speak, and ensures smooth functioning. The Speaker represents the authority of the House and safeguards democratic parliamentary procedures.
7. Who presides over the Rajya Sabha?
The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. He presides over its sessions, ensures discipline, and conducts proceedings, but he cannot vote except in case of a tie in decision-making.
8. What is the tenure of the Lok Sabha?
The tenure of the Lok Sabha is five years. However, it may be dissolved earlier by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. During a national emergency, its term can be extended beyond five years.
9. What is meant by ‘collective responsibility’?
Collective responsibility means that the entire Council of Ministers, led by the Prime Minister, is answerable to the Lok Sabha. If the House passes a no-confidence motion, the whole Council must resign, ensuring accountability of the executive.
10. How is the Prime Minister appointed?
The President appoints the Prime Minister. By convention, he invites the leader of the majority party in Lok Sabha to form the government. If no party has a majority, the leader of a coalition is chosen.
11. What are the powers of the President regarding bills?
The President can give assent to a bill, withhold it, or return it (except money bills) for reconsideration. However, if the bill is passed again by Parliament, the President is bound to give assent.
12. Who can dissolve the Lok Sabha?
The President of India has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha before the completion of its term. However, this power is exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.
13. What is the role of Parliament in controlling the executive?
Parliament controls the executive through debates, discussions, question hour, motions, and passing or rejecting laws and budgets. The executive is answerable to the Lok Sabha, ensuring it functions within constitutional limits and remains accountable to people.
14. What is the role of Rajya Sabha?
Rajya Sabha represents states at the national level. It reviews, amends, and debates laws passed by the Lok Sabha. Although it cannot dissolve the government, it plays an important role in revising and improving legislation.
15. What is judicial review?
Judicial review is the power of the judiciary, especially the Supreme Court, to examine laws and executive actions. If they violate the Constitution, the Court can strike them down, thus acting as the guardian of the Constitution.
16. How can the President of India be removed?
The President can be removed through impeachment for violation of the Constitution. This process requires a special majority in both Houses of Parliament, ensuring the dignity and stability of the highest constitutional office in India.
17. How can a judge of the Supreme Court be removed?
A Supreme Court judge can be removed through impeachment by Parliament for proved misbehavior or incapacity. This requires a special majority in both Houses and the President’s approval, ensuring independence of the judiciary.
18. What is meant by the independence of judiciary?
Independence of judiciary means judges can decide cases without influence from the legislature or executive. They have secure tenure, fixed salaries, and removal only through impeachment, allowing them to uphold justice and protect citizens’ rights.
19. Who is known as the “first among equals” in the Cabinet?
The Prime Minister is called the “first among equals” because although all ministers are equal in decision-making, he has the final authority in guiding policies, coordinating ministries, and representing the government nationally and internationally.
20. What is the role of the Supreme Court in India?
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body. It interprets the Constitution, hears appeals from lower courts, resolves disputes between states and the union, and safeguards fundamental rights through judicial review and writs.
Part D – Short Answer
1. Who is the real executive head of India?
The Prime Minister is the real executive head of India. While the President is only the nominal head, the Prime Minister leads the Council of Ministers, makes important decisions, and runs the administration. He represents India internationally and is responsible to the Lok Sabha, ensuring that the executive is accountable to the people’s representatives.
2. What are the functions of the Parliament?
The Parliament makes laws, controls the finances of the country, and keeps a check on the executive through questions, motions, and debates. It also amends the Constitution and represents the will of the people. By exercising these powers, Parliament ensures that India’s democracy functions smoothly and the government remains accountable to citizens.
3. What is meant by collective responsibility?
Collective responsibility means that the Council of Ministers is jointly accountable to the Lok Sabha. If the House passes a no-confidence motion, the entire Cabinet must resign. This ensures that ministers work together under the leadership of the Prime Minister and remain answerable to the Parliament, which directly represents the people of India.
4. What is judicial review and why is it important?
Judicial review is the power of the judiciary to examine laws and executive actions to see if they conform to the Constitution. If found unconstitutional, they are struck down. It is important because it protects citizens’ fundamental rights, upholds the supremacy of the Constitution, and ensures that neither the legislature nor executive misuse power.
5. What is the tenure of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha?
The Lok Sabha has a tenure of five years, but it can be dissolved earlier by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. Rajya Sabha, however, is a permanent body and cannot be dissolved. One-third of its members retire every two years, ensuring continuity of the legislative process.
6. How is the Prime Minister appointed?
The President appoints the Prime Minister. Generally, the leader of the majority party in Lok Sabha is invited to form the government. If no party has a majority, the President invites the leader of a coalition. The Prime Minister must have the confidence of the Lok Sabha to continue in office.
7. What is the role of the President in law-making?
The President gives assent to bills passed by Parliament. He can withhold assent, send the bill back for reconsideration (except money bills), or approve it. If Parliament passes it again, the President must approve it. Thus, the President acts as a constitutional safeguard in the law-making process of India.
8. What is the role of the Rajya Sabha?
The Rajya Sabha represents the states of India at the national level. It participates in law-making, debates, and amending bills. It can delay money bills by 14 days but cannot reject them. Though it cannot dissolve the government, it plays an important role in revising and improving legislation.
9. How can the President of India be removed?
The President can be removed by impeachment for violation of the Constitution. The impeachment process requires a special majority in both Houses of Parliament. This high standard prevents misuse of the removal process and safeguards the dignity of the office, while ensuring accountability of the President to the Constitution.
10. How can a judge of the Supreme Court be removed?
A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed for proven misbehavior or incapacity. The process requires an impeachment motion passed by a special majority in both Houses of Parliament, followed by the President’s approval. This provision ensures independence and impartiality of the judiciary while protecting it from arbitrary removal.
11. Why is the independence of judiciary important?
Independence of judiciary ensures that judges can make decisions without interference from the executive or legislature. It allows fair trials, protects citizens’ rights, and upholds the Constitution. With security of tenure, fixed salaries, and removal only by impeachment, judges remain impartial and act as guardians of justice and democracy.
12. What are the powers of the Supreme Court?
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in India. It acts as the guardian of the Constitution, interprets laws, and protects fundamental rights through judicial review. It resolves disputes between states and the Centre, hears appeals from lower courts, and safeguards democracy by ensuring constitutional supremacy in India.
13. What is the difference between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha?
Lok Sabha is directly elected by the people and has more powers in money matters and controlling the executive. It can pass a no-confidence motion. Rajya Sabha, on the other hand, represents states and acts as a revising chamber. While Lok Sabha can be dissolved, Rajya Sabha is a permanent body.
14. What are the functions of the Cabinet?
The Cabinet, headed by the Prime Minister, is the core decision-making body. It formulates policies, takes key administrative decisions, manages defense and foreign relations, and prepares the budget. The Cabinet ensures collective responsibility and coordinates the functioning of different ministries for smooth governance of the country.
15. What is the importance of Question Hour in Parliament?
Question Hour is the first hour of a Parliament sitting when members ask questions to ministers about policies and decisions. It ensures transparency, exposes wrong policies, and holds the government accountable. It is one of the most effective parliamentary devices to keep the executive under check in democracy.
16. What is the role of the Speaker of Lok Sabha?
The Speaker presides over the Lok Sabha, maintains order, and ensures smooth proceedings. He decides who may speak, conducts votes, and ensures discipline. The Speaker also represents the House, certifies money bills, and protects the rights of members, ensuring fairness and neutrality in parliamentary functioning.
17. What is meant by impeachment of the President?
Impeachment is the process of removing the President for violation of the Constitution. It requires a special majority in both Houses of Parliament. This procedure ensures that the President, as the highest constitutional authority, functions within limits and remains accountable to the Constitution and the nation’s democratic framework.
18. What is the importance of institutions in democracy?
Institutions like Parliament, Executive, and Judiciary distribute power and prevent misuse. They ensure transparency, accountability, and checks and balances. Institutions protect rights, maintain rule of law, and make democracy work effectively by balancing authority among different organs of government, preventing dictatorship or concentration of power.
19. How does the Parliament exercise control over government expenditure?
Parliament controls government expenditure through the budget. The government cannot spend without approval of Parliament. Debates on grants, cut motions, and scrutiny of financial bills ensure accountability. This power of the purse keeps the executive answerable and prevents misuse of public funds in a democracy.
20. Why is the Prime Minister called “first among equals”?
The Prime Minister is called “first among equals” because though he is part of the Council of Ministers, he has greater authority in decision-making, sets agendas, and represents the government. He coordinates ministries, leads policies, and speaks for the government nationally and internationally, making him the central leader.
Part E – Long Answer
1. Explain the relationship between the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary in India.
The Indian democratic system rests on the principle of separation of powers. The Legislature makes laws, the Executive implements them, and the Judiciary interprets them. Although separate, they are interdependent and act as checks on one another. The Executive is accountable to the Legislature, while the Judiciary has the power of judicial review to ensure laws are constitutional. This prevents misuse of power and ensures smooth functioning of democracy. For instance, Parliament can make laws, but if they violate fundamental rights, the Supreme Court can strike them down. This system ensures balance of power, accountability, and protects citizens’ rights, thereby strengthening the democratic framework of India.
2. Discuss the powers and role of the President of India.
The President is the nominal head of the state and performs ceremonial duties, but constitutionally plays an important role. He appoints the Prime Minister, other ministers, governors, and judges of higher courts. The President can summon and dissolve the Lok Sabha and must approve bills passed by Parliament before they become law. During a national emergency, the President assumes greater powers and can override normal democratic processes to ensure national security. Though bound by the advice of the Council of Ministers, the President plays a significant role as the guardian of the Constitution. His position symbolizes unity and integrity of the nation while ensuring smooth functioning of democratic institutions.
3. What is the role and importance of the Prime Minister in India?
The Prime Minister is the real executive head and leader of the Council of Ministers. He advises the President in appointing ministers, distributes portfolios, and coordinates government policies. As head of the Cabinet, he ensures collective responsibility of ministers. The Prime Minister represents India nationally and internationally, shaping foreign policy and responding to challenges. In Parliament, he leads the majority party and ensures government stability by securing confidence of the Lok Sabha. No major policy decision is taken without his approval. Thus, the Prime Minister is considered the most powerful political authority in India, functioning as the bridge between the people, Parliament, and administration, and guiding the nation’s governance.
4. Explain the functions of the Council of Ministers.
The Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister, is the real executive authority of India. It formulates policies, implements laws, and administers the day-to-day work of government. It includes Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State, and Deputy Ministers. The Council collectively decides on government programs and is responsible to the Lok Sabha. If Parliament passes a no-confidence motion, the entire Council must resign, ensuring accountability. They also prepare the budget, control defense, foreign relations, and internal administration. The Council of Ministers represents collective responsibility, meaning all ministers support Cabinet decisions publicly even if they disagree internally. Thus, they ensure unity in governance and effective implementation of laws in a democratic manner.
5. Describe the composition of the Parliament of India.
The Indian Parliament consists of the President, Lok Sabha (House of People), and Rajya Sabha (Council of States). The Lok Sabha has a maximum of 552 members, mostly elected directly by the people. The Rajya Sabha has 250 members, elected by state legislatures, with 12 nominated by the President for their expertise. Parliament makes laws, passes the budget, and controls the executive through debates, motions, and question hours. It represents the will of the people and ensures accountability of the government. Parliament also has the power to amend the Constitution and remove the President through impeachment. Thus, Parliament is the supreme legislative body, representing both citizens and states in governance.
6. State the differences between the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
The Lok Sabha is the lower house with directly elected members, while the Rajya Sabha is the upper house with members chosen by state legislatures. The Lok Sabha has greater powers, as it controls the executive and can dissolve the government through no-confidence motions. Rajya Sabha is a permanent body, never dissolved, with one-third members retiring every two years. Financial bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, while Rajya Sabha can only delay or suggest changes. However, Rajya Sabha plays an important role in revising laws and representing states at the national level. Together, both Houses ensure balance, representation, and careful scrutiny of legislation in Indian democracy.
7. What is the significance of the Speaker of Lok Sabha?
The Speaker is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha and plays a crucial role in maintaining order and discipline. He decides who can speak, conducts debates, and ensures rules are followed. The Speaker certifies whether a bill is a money bill and has the authority to expel unruly members. The Speaker represents the dignity of the House and ensures impartiality. Even though elected from a political party, the Speaker must act neutrally to safeguard democratic principles. During joint sittings of Parliament, the Speaker presides over proceedings. Thus, the Speaker acts as the guardian of parliamentary democracy, balancing freedom of speech of members with orderly conduct of business.
8. Explain the powers and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India.
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in India. It has original jurisdiction over disputes between the Union and states. It has appellate jurisdiction, hearing appeals from lower courts. Its advisory jurisdiction allows the President to seek opinions on legal matters. The Court also has the power of judicial review, enabling it to strike down unconstitutional laws or executive actions. It protects fundamental rights by issuing writs. Its decisions are binding on all courts across the country. Judges are independent, enjoy security of tenure, and can only be removed through impeachment. Thus, the Supreme Court acts as the guardian of the Constitution and protector of citizens’ rights.
9. What is judicial review? Explain its importance.
Judicial review is the power of the judiciary, especially the Supreme Court, to examine laws and executive actions to ensure they conform to the Constitution. If found unconstitutional, the court can strike them down. It ensures the supremacy of the Constitution and prevents misuse of power by the legislature or executive. Judicial review protects fundamental rights of citizens, making it an essential feature of Indian democracy. For example, if Parliament passes a law violating the right to equality, the Supreme Court can declare it void. This process safeguards democracy, ensures justice, and maintains the rule of law, thereby strengthening the constitutional framework of the country.
10. What are the powers of the Prime Minister in relation to the Cabinet?
The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet and exercises significant influence. He selects ministers, distributes portfolios, and can demand resignation if necessary. He presides over Cabinet meetings and sets the agenda. The Prime Minister coordinates the work of different ministries and ensures unity in government decisions. His leadership guides policies on economic, social, and international issues. Though decisions are taken collectively, the Prime Minister is considered the “first among equals.” His control ensures stability and effective functioning of the Cabinet. Without his leadership, the Council of Ministers cannot function properly. Thus, the Prime Minister is central to decision-making and policy direction in India’s governance.
11. Explain the role of the Rajya Sabha in India’s parliamentary system.
The Rajya Sabha, or Council of States, is the upper house of Parliament. Though it has fewer powers than the Lok Sabha, it plays an important role in the legislative process. It reviews, debates, and suggests amendments to bills passed by the Lok Sabha, ensuring better scrutiny of laws. While it cannot dissolve the government through a no-confidence motion, it represents the interests of states and Union Territories, providing balance in law-making. It also participates in constitutional amendments, removal of the President, and approves non-financial legislation. Its permanent nature, with one-third of members retiring every two years, provides continuity and stability in governance. Thus, Rajya Sabha strengthens democracy by revising legislation thoughtfully.
12. What do you mean by ‘collective responsibility’? Why is it important?
Collective responsibility means that the Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister, is jointly accountable to the Lok Sabha. All ministers must publicly support government decisions, even if they disagree privately. If a no-confidence motion is passed, the entire Cabinet must resign. This principle ensures unity in decision-making and prevents ministers from blaming each other. It keeps the executive answerable to Parliament and indirectly to the people. Collective responsibility also maintains stability, as the government cannot function if ministers act independently. This mechanism strengthens democracy by ensuring the executive respects parliamentary control, making the government more transparent, united, and accountable in its actions and decisions.
13. Describe the process of removal of the President of India.
The President of India can be removed through impeachment if found guilty of violating the Constitution. The process begins when either House of Parliament introduces the impeachment motion. A two-thirds majority of total membership is required to pass the resolution in both Houses separately. The charges must be investigated thoroughly before voting. Once both Houses approve, the President is considered removed from office. This process is deliberately made difficult to ensure dignity of the highest office in the country and to prevent misuse of impeachment for political purposes. It reflects the democratic principle that even the President, the constitutional head, is accountable to the Constitution and the people.
14. Explain the process of removal of judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts.
Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts enjoy independence and security of tenure. However, they can be removed if found guilty of proved misbehavior or incapacity. The process requires a motion signed by a specified number of MPs, introduced in either House of Parliament. It must be passed by a two-thirds majority of members present and voting, and a majority of total membership of the House. If both Houses pass the resolution, the President can order removal. This impeachment process ensures judges cannot be arbitrarily removed, preserving judicial independence. At the same time, it provides accountability, ensuring judges act with integrity and fairness while delivering justice to the citizens.
15. What is the importance of the independence of the judiciary?
Independence of the judiciary means that courts function free from political or executive influence. This independence is vital for delivering impartial justice, protecting citizens’ rights, and upholding the Constitution. Judges have secure tenure, fixed salaries, and can only be removed through a difficult impeachment process, ensuring freedom from pressure. Judicial independence allows courts to conduct judicial review, striking down unconstitutional laws or executive actions. Without it, the government might misuse power, violating fundamental rights. Independence also strengthens public confidence in justice. By acting as the guardian of the Constitution, an impartial judiciary ensures the rule of law and preserves democratic values for all citizens.
16. Explain the significance of judicial review in Indian democracy.
Judicial review empowers the judiciary, particularly the Supreme Court, to examine whether laws passed by Parliament or actions taken by the executive conform to the Constitution. If found unconstitutional, they can be struck down. This ensures the supremacy of the Constitution and prevents misuse of authority by the other organs of government. Judicial review also protects citizens’ fundamental rights, ensuring justice and equality. For instance, if a law discriminates against a group, the judiciary can nullify it. This process maintains checks and balances between the three organs of government. Judicial review, therefore, plays a central role in protecting democracy, ensuring accountability, and upholding constitutional principles in India.
17. What are the main functions of Parliament?
Parliament, the supreme legislative body, performs multiple essential functions. It makes new laws and amends or repeals old ones. It passes the Union Budget, controls government finances, and monitors spending. Parliament also checks the executive through debates, motions, question hours, and votes of no-confidence, ensuring accountability. It participates in the election and removal of the President and amends the Constitution. Parliament represents people’s will, as Lok Sabha members are directly elected, while Rajya Sabha represents states. Together, they balance the interests of the nation and federal units. By performing these functions, Parliament strengthens democracy, ensures responsible governance, and safeguards people’s rights and welfare through representative decision-making.
18. What role does the Prime Minister play in foreign policy and national security?
The Prime Minister, as head of the government, plays a key role in shaping India’s foreign policy and national security strategies. He represents India in international forums, signs treaties, and builds relations with other nations. The Prime Minister, along with the Cabinet, directs defense and security policies, ensuring preparedness against external threats. He also coordinates with the Defense, External Affairs, and Home Ministries to maintain peace and protect sovereignty. During crises, such as wars or conflicts, his leadership is critical in uniting the nation. In foreign policy, he balances international relations to promote trade, diplomacy, and cooperation. Thus, the Prime Minister ensures India’s global standing and national safety.
19. What are the limitations of the powers of Parliament in India?
Although Parliament is powerful, its authority is limited by the Constitution. It cannot pass laws violating fundamental rights; otherwise, they can be struck down by the judiciary through judicial review. Federalism restricts Parliament to subjects in the Union List, while states control the State List. Emergency powers can extend its reach but only temporarily. International treaties often influence domestic law-making, limiting Parliament’s autonomy. Moreover, Parliament is indirectly controlled by the people, as members are elected and can lose power if they fail to represent citizens’ interests. Thus, while Parliament is the supreme legislative body, its powers are restricted to protect democracy, federal balance, and citizens’ rights.
20. Why is the balance of power among institutions necessary in a democracy?
In a democracy, no organ of government—Legislature, Executive, or Judiciary—should hold unlimited power. Concentration of power leads to authoritarianism and corruption. The balance of power ensures accountability, as the Executive is answerable to the Legislature, while the Judiciary can review laws and actions. This prevents misuse of authority and protects citizens’ rights. For example, Parliament makes laws, but courts can strike down unconstitutional ones, ensuring constitutional supremacy. Similarly, the Executive implements policies but cannot override Parliament. This system of checks and balances maintains harmony, protects liberty, and strengthens democracy. Without balance, democracy could collapse into dictatorship. Hence, it is vital for ensuring justice, equality, and fair governance.
Part E – Case Based QAs
Case Study 1: Appointment of the Prime Minister
After the general elections, no single party won a majority in the Lok Sabha. The President invited the leader of the largest party to form the government, but he had to prove his majority within ten days. Smaller parties and independent members extended support, allowing him to win the confidence vote.
Q1. Who appoints the Prime Minister of India?
Ans. The President appoints the Prime Minister, usually the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Lok Sabha.
Q2. What test did the leader have to face in Parliament?
Ans. He had to prove majority support in the Lok Sabha by winning a vote of confidence.
Q3. What does this situation show about India’s democracy?
Ans. It shows that the Prime Minister must enjoy the support of the Lok Sabha and is accountable to the people’s representatives.
Case Study 2: No-Confidence Motion
In Parliament, the opposition accused the government of failing to control inflation and corruption. They moved a no-confidence motion in the Lok Sabha. After a heated debate, the government failed to secure enough support, and the Council of Ministers had to resign.
Q1. What is a no-confidence motion?
Ans. A motion moved in Lok Sabha expressing lack of trust in the government.
Q2. What happens if the government loses this motion?
Ans. The Council of Ministers must resign, and the government falls.
Q3. What principle of democracy does this reflect?
Ans. It reflects the principle of collective responsibility of the executive to the legislature.
Case Study 3: Role of the Speaker
During a Lok Sabha session, opposition MPs created chaos, shouting slogans and interrupting debates. The Speaker intervened, asking members to maintain discipline. When they refused, he suspended some MPs. Later, the Speaker also decided whether a controversial bill was a Money Bill or not.
Q1. Who presides over the Lok Sabha?
Ans. The Speaker presides over the Lok Sabha.
Q2. Why was the Speaker’s role important in this case?
Ans. He maintained order and ensured smooth functioning of Parliament.
Q3. Who decides whether a bill is a Money Bill?
Ans. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha has the final authority.
Case Study 4: Judicial Review
Parliament passed a law restricting citizens’ freedom of speech. Many people challenged it in the Supreme Court, claiming it violated their Fundamental Rights. After reviewing the case, the Court struck down the law, declaring it unconstitutional.
Q1. Which organ of government performed this role?
Ans. The Judiciary, specifically the Supreme Court.
Q2. What power allows the Court to strike down laws?
Ans. Judicial review.
Q3. What does this case show about Fundamental Rights?
Ans. It shows that Fundamental Rights are protected by the judiciary and cannot be violated by Parliament.
Case Study 5: Dissolution of Lok Sabha
Due to instability in coalition politics, the Prime Minister advised the President to dissolve the Lok Sabha before completing its five-year term. The President accepted the advice, and fresh elections were announced.
Q1. Who has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha?
Ans. The President, on the advice of the Prime Minister.
Q2. What is the normal tenure of the Lok Sabha?
Ans. Five years, unless dissolved earlier.
Q3. Why was the Lok Sabha dissolved early in this case?
Ans. Because the government had lost stability and could not function effectively.
Case Study 6: Role of Rajya Sabha
The Lok Sabha passed a bill quickly, but the Rajya Sabha members raised concerns about its impact on states. They suggested amendments and delayed the bill for further discussion. After modifications, both Houses passed the law.
Q1. What is the main role of the Rajya Sabha?
Ans. To represent states and review legislation passed by the Lok Sabha.
Q2. Can the Rajya Sabha permanently block a bill?
Ans. No, it can only delay or suggest amendments.
Q3. Why is the Rajya Sabha called a revising chamber?
Ans. Because it reviews, improves, and ensures better scrutiny of laws.
Case Study 7: Independence of Judiciary
A powerful minister was accused of corruption. The case reached the Supreme Court. Despite political pressure, the judges ruled against the minister, sentencing him to jail. This showed that the judiciary functions independently and fairly.
Q1. What principle of democracy is highlighted here?
Ans. Independence of the judiciary.
Q2. Why is judicial independence important?
Ans. To ensure fair justice without influence from the executive or legislature.
Q3. How is the independence of judges protected?
Ans. By security of tenure, fixed salaries, and removal only through impeachment.
Case Study 8: Collective Responsibility
A controversial decision on foreign policy by the Cabinet was criticized heavily. Some ministers disagreed privately but still defended the decision in public, as they were bound by collective responsibility.
Q1. What does collective responsibility mean?
Ans. The Council of Ministers is jointly accountable to the Lok Sabha.
Q2. What happens if the government loses majority support?
Ans. The entire Council of Ministers must resign.
Q3. Why is collective responsibility important?
Ans. It ensures unity in governance and accountability to Parliament.
Case Study 9: Role of the President during Emergency
When a major internal disturbance threatened national security, the President declared an emergency on the advice of the Cabinet. Fundamental Rights were restricted, and law-making powers shifted to the Union government.
Q1. Can the President declare an emergency alone?
Ans. No, only on the advice of the Cabinet.
Q2. What happens to Fundamental Rights during an emergency?
Ans. Some rights may be restricted or suspended.
Q3. What does this show about the President’s role?
Ans. The President acts as a constitutional head, following Cabinet advice.
Case Study 10: Role of the Supreme Court in Protecting Rights
A tribal community lost its land due to a government project. They appealed to the Supreme Court, which ruled in their favor, restoring their land and protecting their rights.
Q1. Which function of the Supreme Court is shown here?
Ans. Protection of Fundamental Rights.
Q2. What remedy did the Court provide?
Ans. Restored the land to the tribal community.
Q3. Why is the Supreme Court called the guardian of the Constitution?
Ans. Because it ensures that laws and actions follow the Constitution and protect citizens’ rights.