Part A – Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Q1. Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution?
- (a) Mahatma Gandhi
- (b) B.R. Ambedkar
- (c) Jawaharlal Nehru
- (d) Rajendra Prasad
Ans: (b) B.R. Ambedkar
Q2. When was the Indian Constitution adopted?
- (a) 26 January 1947
- (b) 26 November 1949
- (c) 26 January 1950
- (d) 15 August 1947
Ans: (b) 26 November 1949
Q3. When did the Indian Constitution come into force?
- (a) 26 January 1950
- (b) 15 August 1947
- (c) 30 January 1948
- (d) 26 November 1949
Ans: (a) 26 January 1950
Q4. What was the main demand of the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa?
- (a) Equal rights for all races
- (b) Independence from Britain
- (c) End of monarchy
- (d) Federal system
Ans: (a) Equal rights for all races
Q5. Who became the first President of independent South Africa?
- (a) Nelson Mandela
- (b) Thabo Mbeki
- (c) Jacob Zuma
- (d) Desmond Tutu
Ans: (a) Nelson Mandela
Q6. The Indian Constitution begins with which part?
- (a) Fundamental Rights
- (b) Directive Principles
- (c) Preamble
- (d) Union Government
Ans: (c) Preamble
Q7. How many members were there in the Constituent Assembly of India originally?
- (a) 299
- (b) 389
- (c) 350
- (d) 250
Ans: (b) 389
Q8. Who was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee?
- (a) Rajendra Prasad
- (b) Jawaharlal Nehru
- (c) B.R. Ambedkar
- (d) Sardar Patel
Ans: (c) B.R. Ambedkar
Q9. The Indian Constitution guarantees justice in which forms?
- (a) Social, economic and political
- (b) Social, cultural and educational
- (c) Political, religious and educational
- (d) Economic, religious and cultural
Ans: (a) Social, economic and political
Q10. The apartheid system was followed in which country?
- (a) India
- (b) USA
- (c) South Africa
- (d) Sri Lanka
Ans: (c) South Africa
Q11. The Indian Constitution provides for how many Fundamental Rights?
- (a) 6
- (b) 7
- (c) 8
- (d) 5
Ans: (a) 6
Q12. Which date is celebrated as Constitution Day in India?
- (a) 26 November
- (b) 15 August
- (c) 26 January
- (d) 2 October
Ans: (a) 26 November
Q13. Who was the first Chairman of the Constituent Assembly?
- (a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
- (b) B.R. Ambedkar
- (c) Jawaharlal Nehru
- (d) Sardar Patel
Ans: (a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Q14. Which country inspired India’s Preamble with the idea of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity?
- (a) USA
- (b) UK
- (c) France
- (d) Russia
Ans: (c) France
Q15. Which right ensures equality before law?
- (a) Right to Equality
- (b) Right to Freedom
- (c) Right to Religion
- (d) Right to Education
Ans: (a) Right to Equality
Q16. How many sessions did the Constituent Assembly hold before adopting the Constitution?
- (a) 8
- (b) 11
- (c) 13
- (d) 22
Ans: (d) 22
Q17. Which document reflects the aims and objectives of the Constitution?
- (a) Fundamental Rights
- (b) Preamble
- (c) Directive Principles
- (d) Citizenship Act
Ans: (b) Preamble
Q18. Who prepared the Objectives Resolution of the Indian Constitution?
- (a) Mahatma Gandhi
- (b) Jawaharlal Nehru
- (c) Sardar Patel
- (d) Subhash Chandra Bose
Ans: (b) Jawaharlal Nehru
Q19. The Indian Constitution is the __________ written constitution in the world.
- (a) Smallest
- (b) Largest
- (c) Oldest
- (d) Shortest
Ans: (b) Largest
Q20. Which part of the Constitution deals with Directive Principles of State Policy?
- (a) Part I
- (b) Part II
- (c) Part III
- (d) Part IV
Ans: (d) Part IV
Part B – Assertion and Reason Questions
Instructions: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose:
- (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
- (b) Both A and R are true, but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
- (c) A is true, but R is false
- (d) A is false, but R is true
Q1. Assertion (A): Nelson Mandela fought against racial discrimination in South Africa.
Reason (R): Apartheid system gave equal rights to all citizens.
Ans: A is true, R is false.
Q2. Assertion (A): The Indian Constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950.
Reason (R): This date was chosen to honor the adoption of Purna Swaraj in 1930.
Ans: Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of A.
Q3. Assertion (A): B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee.
Reason (R): He played the most significant role in drafting the Constitution.
Ans: Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of A.
Q4. Assertion (A): The Indian Constitution guarantees justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Reason (R): These ideals are mentioned in the Preamble.
Ans: Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of A.
Q5. Assertion (A): The Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution on 26 November 1949.
Reason (R): It was enforced immediately after adoption.
Ans: A is true, R is false.
Q6. Assertion (A): India is called a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic.
Reason (R): These words are mentioned in the Preamble.
Ans: Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of A.
Q7. Assertion (A): Fundamental Rights protect citizens from arbitrary actions of the state.
Reason (R): They are justiciable and enforceable in courts.
Ans: Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of A.
Q8. Assertion (A): The apartheid system in South Africa discriminated based on race.
Reason (R): Whites enjoyed privileges while non-whites were denied rights.
Ans: Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of A.
Q9. Assertion (A): The Indian Constitution is rigid in nature.
Reason (R): It cannot be amended under any circumstances.
Ans: A is false, R is false.
Q10. Assertion (A): The Constitution of India is the lengthiest written Constitution in the world.
Reason (R): It borrowed provisions from many countries’ constitutions.
Ans: Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of A.
Q11. Assertion (A): The Objectives Resolution outlined the aims of the Constitution.
Reason (R): It was presented by Jawaharlal Nehru.
Ans: Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of A.
Q12. Assertion (A): The Indian Constitution ensures universal adult franchise.
Reason (R): It means only men above 21 can vote.
Ans: A is true, R is false.
Q13. Assertion (A): Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the President of the Constituent Assembly.
Reason (R): He later became the first President of India.
Ans: Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of A.
Q14. Assertion (A): India adopted a federal system of government.
Reason (R): It was necessary to accommodate the diversity of India.
Ans: Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of A.
Q15. Assertion (A): The Preamble reflects the spirit of the Constitution.
Reason (R): It guides in the interpretation of the Constitution.
Ans: Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of A.
Q16. Assertion (A): Fundamental Rights are absolute.
Reason (R): They cannot be restricted under any circumstances.
Ans: Both A and R are false.
Q17. Assertion (A): The Directive Principles are enforceable by the courts.
Reason (R): They are non-justiciable in nature.
Ans: A is false, R is true.
Q18. Assertion (A): The Indian Constitution aims to establish a welfare state.
Reason (R): Directive Principles of State Policy reflect these goals.
Ans: Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of A.
Q19. Assertion (A): The making of the Indian Constitution was influenced by the struggle for freedom.
Reason (R): Leaders wanted to ensure justice and equality for all citizens.
Ans: Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of A.
Q20. Assertion (A): South Africa’s new Constitution after 1994 inspired equality.
Reason (R): It abolished apartheid and gave rights to all races.
Ans: Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of A.
Part C – Very Short Answer
Q1. What do you understand by apartheid?
Ans: Apartheid was a system of racial discrimination in South Africa where people were segregated on the basis of skin colour. Whites enjoyed privileges while non-whites were denied basic rights like voting, education, and equal opportunities.
Q2. Who was Nelson Mandela and what was his contribution?
Ans: Nelson Mandela was the leader of the African National Congress who fought against apartheid in South Africa. After years of struggle and imprisonment, he became the first Black President and helped establish a democratic Constitution ensuring equality.
Q3. Why was there a need for a new Constitution in South Africa?
Ans: The old Constitution of South Africa supported racial discrimination. A new Constitution was needed to abolish apartheid, guarantee equal rights, and bring reconciliation between whites and non-whites to create a democratic, just, and equal society.
Q4. When was the Indian Constitution adopted and when did it come into force?
Ans: The Indian Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950. This date was chosen to honor the 1930 Purna Swaraj Resolution of Indian independence.
Q5. Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution?
Ans: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution because he was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee and played a key role in framing the detailed provisions of the Constitution.
Q6. Who was the President of the Constituent Assembly?
Ans: Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the President of the Constituent Assembly. He presided over the Assembly sessions and later became the first President of independent India in 1950.
Q7. What is the Preamble to the Indian Constitution?
Ans: The Preamble is the introductory part of the Constitution which declares India as Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic and ensures justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity to all its citizens.
Q8. What are Fundamental Rights?
Ans: Fundamental Rights are the basic rights guaranteed by the Constitution to all citizens. They protect individuals’ freedoms and ensure equality, justice, and dignity. They are enforceable in a court of law if violated.
Q9. How many Fundamental Rights are guaranteed by the Indian Constitution?
Ans: The Indian Constitution originally provided seven Fundamental Rights, but now it guarantees six Fundamental Rights including Right to Equality, Freedom, Against Exploitation, Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights, and Constitutional Remedies.
Q10. What are Directive Principles of State Policy?
Ans: Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines to be followed by the government to establish a welfare state. They are not enforceable in court but aim to promote social and economic justice in the country.
Q11. What is meant by universal adult franchise?
Ans: Universal adult franchise means that every adult citizen of India, irrespective of caste, religion, gender, or economic status, has the right to vote in elections once they attain the age of 18 years.
Q12. What is the significance of the Objectives Resolution?
Ans: The Objectives Resolution, moved by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1946, outlined the aims of the Constitution such as sovereignty, democracy, justice, equality, and fraternity. It later became the guiding principle for drafting the Constitution.
Q13. Why is the Indian Constitution called the lengthiest in the world?
Ans: The Indian Constitution is the lengthiest because it borrowed provisions from many countries, covered detailed administrative matters, included special provisions for states, and addressed the diversity of Indian society.
Q14. What is meant by sovereignty in the Preamble?
Ans: Sovereignty means India is free from external control and has the supreme power to make decisions in internal and external matters. No external authority can interfere in India’s political and economic decisions.
Q15. How does the Preamble describe India as secular?
Ans: The Preamble declares India as a secular state, meaning the government does not favor any religion. Citizens are free to follow and practice their religion, and the state ensures equal respect for all religions.
Q16. What is the importance of justice in the Preamble?
Ans: Justice in the Preamble refers to providing social, economic, and political justice to citizens. It ensures equality in opportunities, eliminates discrimination, and promotes fairness in governance and society.
Q17. What do you mean by fraternity in the Preamble?
Ans: Fraternity means the spirit of brotherhood among all citizens, ensuring dignity of the individual and unity of the nation. It promotes harmony and prevents divisions based on caste, religion, or language.
Q18. What is meant by equality in the Preamble?
Ans: Equality means equal treatment of all citizens without discrimination. It ensures equality of opportunity, equality before law, and prohibits discrimination on the basis of caste, religion, race, gender, or place of birth.
Q19. What is the role of the Constituent Assembly?
Ans: The Constituent Assembly was formed to draft the Constitution of India. It debated, discussed, and finalized provisions for governance, rights, and duties. It represented diverse groups and laid the foundation of democracy in India.
Q20. How many sessions did the Constituent Assembly hold before adopting the Constitution?
Ans: The Constituent Assembly held 11 sessions over nearly three years, from December 1946 to November 1949, before adopting the Constitution on 26 November 1949.
Part D – Short Answer
Q1. What was the apartheid system in South Africa?
Ans: Apartheid was a system of racial discrimination practiced in South Africa until the early 1990s. It divided people on the basis of skin color. Whites enjoyed privileges in education, jobs, land, and politics, while non-whites were denied basic rights like voting, equal wages, and freedom. It created deep inequalities in society.
Q2. Describe Nelson Mandela’s role in the freedom struggle of South Africa.
Ans: Nelson Mandela, leader of the African National Congress, fought against racial discrimination in South Africa. He spent 27 years in prison for his struggle against apartheid. After his release in 1990, he led negotiations for equality and democracy. In 1994, he became the first Black President and inspired the world with his vision of reconciliation.
Q3. Why was a new Constitution necessary for South Africa?
Ans: The old South African Constitution legalized racial discrimination. The new Constitution was necessary to abolish apartheid, grant equal rights, and unite the divided society. It ensured political equality for whites and non-whites, established democracy, and created a foundation for justice, dignity, and peace among all citizens.
Q4. Why do we celebrate 26 January as Republic Day?
Ans: The Constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950, making India a Republic. This date was chosen to honor the 1930 Purna Swaraj Resolution, when Indians had declared complete independence from British rule. Since then, Republic Day is celebrated annually with great pride and patriotic spirit across the country.
Q5. What is the significance of the Preamble of the Indian Constitution?
Ans: The Preamble is the introduction to the Constitution. It defines India as Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, and Republic. It also lays down the objectives of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. The Preamble acts as a guiding light for interpreting the Constitution and reflects the vision of the framers.
Q6. Who was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee and what was his role?
Ans: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution. He played a crucial role in framing the detailed provisions, ensuring social justice, protecting minority rights, and balancing liberty with equality. His leadership earned him the title “Father of the Indian Constitution.”
Q7. What is meant by universal adult franchise?
Ans: Universal adult franchise means every adult citizen of India has the right to vote in elections, irrespective of caste, gender, religion, or wealth. It ensures political equality and empowers people to choose their representatives. Initially, the voting age was 21, but later it was lowered to 18.
Q8. What is the importance of Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution?
Ans: Fundamental Rights are essential rights guaranteed to all citizens. They protect individual freedom, ensure equality, and safeguard dignity. They prevent arbitrary actions of the state and are enforceable by courts. Without these rights, democracy would lose its meaning, as people would have no legal protection for their freedoms.
Q9. Mention the six Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution.
Ans: The six Fundamental Rights are:
- Right to Equality,
- Right to Freedom,
- Right against Exploitation,
- Right to Freedom of Religion,
- Cultural and Educational Rights,
- Right to Constitutional Remedies.
These rights form the backbone of democracy and protect the interests of individuals in society.
Q10. What are Directive Principles of State Policy?
Ans: Directive Principles of State Policy are moral and political guidelines for the government to establish a welfare state. They direct the state to work for economic equality, social justice, education, health, and welfare of citizens. Though non-justiciable, they are crucial for balanced development and people’s well-being.
Q11. What was the Objectives Resolution?
Ans: The Objectives Resolution was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1946. It outlined the aims of the Constitution—sovereignty, democracy, equality, justice, and fraternity. It served as a guiding principle for the Constituent Assembly and later became part of the Preamble of the Indian Constitution.
Q12. Why is the Indian Constitution called the lengthiest Constitution in the world?
Ans: The Indian Constitution is the lengthiest because it borrowed features from many countries, included detailed administrative matters, and made special provisions for states and minorities. Its size reflects India’s vast diversity and complex socio-political conditions, ensuring stability and inclusiveness.
Q13. What is meant by sovereignty in the Preamble?
Ans: Sovereignty means India has complete freedom to take decisions in internal and external matters without interference from any foreign power. It shows that India is independent in policy-making, governance, and international relations, ensuring dignity and self-respect as a free nation.
Q14. Explain the term secular as mentioned in the Preamble.
Ans: Secularism means that the state has no official religion and treats all religions equally. Every citizen is free to follow, practice, or propagate their religion. The government cannot discriminate on religious grounds, ensuring harmony and respect for diversity in India.
Q15. Why is justice considered an important ideal in the Preamble?
Ans: Justice ensures that all citizens are treated fairly in social, economic, and political aspects. It removes inequalities and discrimination. Without justice, liberty and equality would have no real meaning. Thus, justice safeguards the dignity of individuals and strengthens democracy.
Q16. What is meant by fraternity in the Preamble?
Ans: Fraternity means the spirit of brotherhood and unity among all citizens. It ensures dignity of the individual and national integration. Fraternity prevents divisions on caste, religion, or language lines, thereby strengthening the fabric of Indian democracy and promoting harmony.
Q17. What is the importance of equality in democracy?
Ans: Equality ensures that no citizen is discriminated against on the basis of caste, religion, gender, or wealth. It guarantees equal opportunity and equal protection of law. In a democracy like India, equality is crucial for fairness, stability, and social justice.
Q18. How was the Constituent Assembly of India formed?
Ans: The Constituent Assembly was formed in 1946 under the Cabinet Mission Plan. It had 389 members elected indirectly by Provincial Legislative Assemblies. After partition, its strength reduced to 299. The Assembly represented diverse groups and framed the Indian Constitution.
Q19. What was the role of Dr. Rajendra Prasad in the making of the Constitution?
Ans: Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the President of the Constituent Assembly. He guided the discussions, ensured democratic debates, and maintained unity among members. Later, he became the first President of India, symbolizing the transition from colonial rule to democracy.
Q20. Why is the Constitution important for a democratic country like India?
Ans: The Constitution lays down the rules for governance, protects citizens’ rights, and prevents misuse of power. It ensures democracy, justice, equality, and liberty. Without the Constitution, there would be no stability, and democracy would fail to protect people’s interests.
Part E – Long Answer
Q1. Explain the apartheid system in South Africa and its effects on people.
Ans: Apartheid was a system of racial discrimination practiced in South Africa until 1994. Under this system, whites enjoyed political, economic, and social privileges, while non-whites were denied basic rights such as voting, equal education, and property ownership. They were forced to live in separate areas and use separate facilities. Non-whites could not participate in government, and even marriages between races were banned. This created deep inequality, humiliation, and resentment. Leaders like Nelson Mandela and organizations like the African National Congress led protests, campaigns, and negotiations against this injustice. Their struggle finally ended apartheid, leading to the adoption of a democratic Constitution in 1994 which guaranteed equal rights for all.
Q2. Discuss Nelson Mandela’s contribution in the freedom struggle of South Africa.
Ans: Nelson Mandela was the central figure in South Africa’s struggle against apartheid. As a leader of the African National Congress (ANC), he organized mass protests, strikes, and campaigns demanding equality. Arrested in 1962, he spent 27 years in prison, symbolizing courage and sacrifice. Despite harsh conditions, Mandela never gave up his vision of a democratic South Africa. After his release in 1990, he played a leading role in negotiations between the government and anti-apartheid groups. His policy of reconciliation prevented a civil war and ensured a peaceful transition. In 1994, when apartheid ended, Mandela became the first Black President of South Africa and introduced a new Constitution guaranteeing justice, dignity, and equality for all races.
Q3. Why was a new Constitution necessary for South Africa after independence?
Ans: After independence from colonial rule, South Africa still followed a Constitution that legalized apartheid. The existing system discriminated against non-whites, denying them basic rights. This caused widespread inequality, injustice, and resentment. A new Constitution was necessary to abolish apartheid, heal divisions, and bring reconciliation between whites and non-whites. The new democratic Constitution, adopted in 1996, gave equal rights to all citizens regardless of race, gender, or religion. It emphasized democracy, equality, and human rights, ensuring that past injustices would not be repeated. By guaranteeing universal adult franchise, it empowered all citizens to participate in governance. Thus, the new Constitution symbolized freedom, unity, and justice for the entire South African society.
Q4. Explain the importance of 26 January 1950 in India’s history.
Ans: On 26 January 1950, the Indian Constitution came into effect, making India a Republic. This day was deliberately chosen to honor the 1930 Purna Swaraj Resolution, when Indians declared complete independence from British rule. The adoption of the Constitution marked the end of colonial authority and the beginning of democratic self-rule. With this, India established a sovereign, secular, and democratic republic ensuring rights, freedoms, and equality for all citizens. The day is celebrated as Republic Day every year with grand parades in New Delhi and across states, showcasing India’s unity, culture, and achievements. It symbolizes the triumph of democracy and the vision of the Constitution makers who gave India its guiding principles.
Q5. What is the significance of the Preamble of the Indian Constitution?
Ans: The Preamble is the introductory statement of the Constitution, expressing its philosophy and goals. It declares India as Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic and promises justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity to all citizens. It reflects the ideals of the freedom struggle and provides a guiding spirit for interpreting the Constitution. For example, when conflicts arise regarding rights or powers, the Preamble helps in understanding the true spirit of the law. It emphasizes national unity, dignity of the individual, and welfare of all. Thus, the Preamble is often called the “key to the Constitution” because it summarizes the essence and vision of India’s democracy.
Q6. Describe the role of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in the making of the Constitution.
Ans: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, as Chairman of the Drafting Committee, played a historic role in framing the Indian Constitution. He combined the principles of democracy with social justice, ensuring protection of minorities and weaker sections. He studied the constitutions of many countries and adapted their best features to suit India’s needs. Ambedkar strongly advocated equality, fundamental rights, and abolition of untouchability. He ensured that India adopted universal adult franchise, granting equal political rights to all. His vision laid the foundation of a modern democratic India, balancing individual liberty with social welfare. For his immense contribution, he is rightly remembered as the “Father of the Indian Constitution.”
Q7. What do you understand by universal adult franchise? Why is it important?
Ans: Universal adult franchise means that every citizen of India, once attaining 18 years of age, has the right to vote in elections regardless of caste, gender, religion, or wealth. It is important because it ensures political equality, giving every citizen an equal voice in governance. It empowers the poor and marginalized to participate in decision-making. Without universal adult franchise, democracy would only serve the elite. In India’s diverse society, this principle unites people as equals in elections. It gives legitimacy to governments formed and strengthens faith in democratic processes. Thus, universal adult franchise is the backbone of India’s democracy.
Q8. Explain the importance of Fundamental Rights in India.
Ans: Fundamental Rights are basic rights guaranteed to every citizen by the Constitution. They ensure equality, liberty, and justice, forming the foundation of democracy. These rights protect individuals from exploitation and arbitrary action of the state. For example, the Right to Equality ensures equal treatment, while the Right to Freedom guarantees personal liberty. They are enforceable in courts, meaning if rights are violated, citizens can seek legal remedy. Without Fundamental Rights, democracy would be meaningless, as people would lack protection of dignity and freedom. Thus, Fundamental Rights safeguard democracy by balancing state power with citizens’ liberty.
Q9. Write a note on Directive Principles of State Policy.
Ans: Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines given to the government to establish a welfare state. They aim at reducing inequalities and ensuring social and economic justice. They direct the state to provide education, health care, equal wages, protection for weaker sections, and environment conservation. Though not enforceable in court, they are fundamental in governance. Many welfare laws like MGNREGA and Right to Education Act are inspired by these principles. Directive Principles complement Fundamental Rights by focusing on the collective good, making India’s democracy more meaningful and inclusive. They guide the government to work towards equality and development.
Q10. What was the Objectives Resolution? Explain its importance.
Ans: The Objectives Resolution was introduced by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1946 in the Constituent Assembly. It laid down the ideals of sovereignty, democracy, justice, equality, and fraternity that would guide the making of the Constitution. It expressed the aspirations of the people and the vision of independent India. Later, its key principles were incorporated into the Preamble. The Resolution gave direction to the Assembly, ensuring that the Constitution reflected the values of the freedom struggle. It also symbolized India’s commitment to democracy and inspired unity among diverse groups. Thus, the Objectives Resolution was the foundation stone of India’s Constitution.
Q11. How was the Constituent Assembly of India formed?
Ans: The Constituent Assembly of India was formed in 1946 under the Cabinet Mission Plan. Its members were indirectly elected by the Provincial Legislative Assemblies. Out of 389 seats, Congress won a majority, but several seats were also reserved for princely states and minorities. After Partition in 1947, its membership reduced to 299. The Assembly represented diverse sections of society—lawyers, freedom fighters, scholars, and social reformers. Leaders like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Jawaharlal Nehru, Rajendra Prasad, and Sardar Patel played important roles. It worked in committees, debated extensively, and consulted experts before finalizing provisions. Thus, the Assembly was not just a political body but a symbol of democratic participation in making India’s Constitution.
Q12. Explain the process of drafting the Indian Constitution.
Ans: The drafting of the Constitution was a long and detailed process. The Constituent Assembly set up several committees, the most important being the Drafting Committee headed by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. The Drafting Committee prepared a draft which was circulated among members for discussion. Every article was debated clause by clause, ensuring consensus. The Assembly met for 11 sessions over nearly three years (1946–1949), totaling 165 days of discussion. Suggestions from the public and experts were also considered. Finally, on 26 November 1949, the Constitution was adopted and came into force on 26 January 1950. The drafting process ensured that the Constitution reflected the aspirations of the people and established a democratic foundation.
Q13. Why is the Indian Constitution called a living document?
Ans: The Indian Constitution is called a living document because it adapts to changing needs of society. Though detailed, it allows flexibility through amendments. For example, the Constitution has been amended more than 100 times to address new challenges such as reservation policies, voting age, and economic reforms. It also provides broad principles, leaving scope for judicial interpretation. The Supreme Court, through judgments, has clarified and expanded the meaning of rights. Moreover, it reflects the will of the people and evolves with social, political, and economic changes. Its ability to remain relevant over decades while protecting democratic values makes it a living, dynamic document.
Q14. Compare the Indian Constitution with the South African Constitution.
Ans: Both the Indian and South African Constitutions emerged from struggles against injustice. India’s Constitution (1950) abolished colonial exploitation, while South Africa’s Constitution (1996) ended racial apartheid. Both guarantee equality, dignity, and rights to citizens. However, South Africa’s Constitution gave greater emphasis to reconciliation between races and protection of human rights after centuries of racial segregation. India’s Constitution emphasizes social justice, secularism, and protection of minorities, considering its caste and religious diversity. Both Constitutions introduced universal adult franchise and democracy. Thus, while contexts differed, both aimed at creating a fair, inclusive society, making them among the most progressive constitutions in the world.
Q15. Explain the importance of Fundamental Duties.
Ans: Fundamental Duties were added to the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Amendment (1976). They remind citizens of their moral obligations toward the nation. Duties include respecting the Constitution, national symbols, promoting harmony, protecting the environment, safeguarding public property, and striving for excellence. Though not legally enforceable, they serve as guidelines for responsible citizenship. Duties balance Fundamental Rights by reminding people that rights come with responsibilities. For instance, freedom of speech should not be misused to spread hatred. Fundamental Duties promote patriotism, discipline, and social harmony. By following them, citizens contribute to strengthening democracy and national unity.
Q16. What challenges did India face while framing the Constitution?
Ans: When India gained independence in 1947, it faced numerous challenges. The country was partitioned, leading to communal violence, refugee crisis, and displacement of millions. India was deeply divided by caste, religion, and linguistic diversity. Economic backwardness, poverty, and illiteracy also posed obstacles. The Constituent Assembly had to design a Constitution that ensured unity while respecting diversity. It had to balance individual liberty with social justice, and majority rule with minority rights. Ensuring democracy in such a vast and poor country was a challenge in itself. Despite these difficulties, the Assembly succeeded in creating a strong and flexible Constitution, capable of addressing India’s complex problems.
Q17. Describe the key features of the Indian Constitution.
Ans: The Indian Constitution is the lengthiest in the world, combining principles from various sources. Its key features include:
- Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic – ensuring people’s supremacy.
- Fundamental Rights – guaranteeing equality, freedom, and justice.
- Directive Principles – guiding the state to create a welfare society.
- Fundamental Duties – reminding citizens of responsibilities.
- Parliamentary System – with a responsible government headed by the Prime Minister.
- Independent Judiciary – safeguarding rights and upholding rule of law.
- Federal Structure – division of powers between Centre and States.
These features make the Constitution both unique and effective in governing a diverse country like India.
Q18. What role did the partition of India play in the framing of the Constitution?
Ans: The Partition of India in 1947 had a major impact on the framing of the Constitution. It led to large-scale communal riots, loss of lives, and displacement of millions across borders. This tragedy highlighted the need for a Constitution that could protect the rights of minorities and ensure communal harmony. Special safeguards were included for religious and cultural minorities. Fundamental Rights such as equality, freedom of religion, and protection against discrimination were emphasized. The horrors of Partition also inspired leaders to stress unity, fraternity, and secularism. Thus, Partition shaped the Constitution by making inclusiveness and protection of diversity its central goals.
Q19. How did the Constituent Assembly ensure the inclusion of diverse interests?
Ans: The Constituent Assembly represented India’s diversity. It included members from different religions, castes, genders, and regions. Minorities, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women leaders actively participated. Leaders like Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Sarojini Naidu, Maulana Azad, and Hansa Mehta voiced diverse perspectives. Special committees debated issues like minority rights, language, and fundamental freedoms. Every article was discussed thoroughly to build consensus. Public opinions and suggestions were also considered. This inclusive approach ensured that the Constitution reflected the aspirations of all Indians, not just the majority. Thus, the Assembly created a document that balanced diversity with unity and established trust among citizens.
Q20. Why is the Indian Constitution considered the supreme law of the land?
Ans: The Indian Constitution is called the supreme law because all laws and policies must conform to it. It defines the powers of the legislature, executive, and judiciary, and limits their authority to prevent misuse. Citizens’ Fundamental Rights are protected against arbitrary actions. If any law violates the Constitution, the judiciary can declare it invalid through judicial review. Unlike ordinary laws, the Constitution is rigid in certain aspects, requiring special procedures for amendment. It is the source of authority for all institutions of governance. Thus, the Constitution stands above all individuals and bodies, ensuring rule of law, democracy, and justice in India.
Part E – Case Based QAs
Case Study 1: South Africa and Apartheid
After decades of racial discrimination under apartheid, South Africa witnessed a historic transformation in the 1990s. Nelson Mandela and other leaders of the African National Congress negotiated with the white minority government to establish a democratic Constitution. The new Constitution guaranteed equality, freedom, and dignity to all citizens, irrespective of race or color. It also sought reconciliation between different groups to prevent civil war.
Q1. What was apartheid?
Ans: Apartheid was a system of racial discrimination in South Africa where the white minority enjoyed privileges, while the majority Black population was denied basic rights.
Q2. Who played a key role in ending apartheid?
Ans: Nelson Mandela, leader of the African National Congress, played a major role in ending apartheid and establishing democracy.
Q3. What was the main feature of the new Constitution?
Ans: The new Constitution ensured equality, dignity, and justice for all citizens and abolished racial discrimination.
Case Study 2: The Objectives Resolution
On 13 December 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru introduced the Objectives Resolution in the Constituent Assembly. It declared that India would be independent, sovereign, democratic, and guarantee justice, equality, and freedom to its citizens. It also aimed at protecting the rights of minorities and promoting fraternity. This Resolution became the guiding principle for the Constitution.
Q1. Who introduced the Objectives Resolution?
Ans: Jawaharlal Nehru introduced it in the Constituent Assembly.
Q2. What did it declare about India’s political future?
Ans: It declared India would be independent, sovereign, and democratic.
Q3. How did the Resolution influence the Constitution?
Ans: It guided the makers while drafting the Constitution and was later reflected in the Preamble.
Case Study 3: Partition and Its Impact
The Partition of India in 1947 was a painful event that displaced millions of people and caused large-scale communal violence. Refugees crossed borders amid insecurity, and communal harmony was badly disturbed. This tragic event forced the Constituent Assembly to create safeguards for minorities and ensure unity. Fundamental Rights and secularism became key features of the Constitution.
Q1. What impact did Partition have on the Constitution?
Ans: It made the Assembly focus on minority protection, secularism, and unity.
Q2. Which Fundamental Rights were influenced by Partition?
Ans: Rights to equality, freedom of religion, and protection from discrimination.
Q3. Why was secularism emphasized?
Ans: To ensure peaceful coexistence of different communities and prevent communal conflict.
Case Study 4: The Role of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee and is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution. A social reformer and advocate for Dalits, he ensured that the Constitution provided equality and abolished untouchability. His efforts guaranteed legal safeguards for marginalized groups, making the Constitution more inclusive and democratic.
Q1. Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution?
Ans: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
Q2. What social issue did he fight against?
Ans: He fought against untouchability and caste-based discrimination.
Q3. How did his contribution make the Constitution inclusive?
Ans: He included safeguards for Dalits, minorities, and weaker sections.
Case Study 5: The Constituent Assembly Debates
The Constituent Assembly held discussions for nearly three years. Every provision was debated, and differences were resolved through consensus. Members like Rajendra Prasad, Sarojini Naidu, Sardar Patel, and Maulana Azad contributed ideas. The debates made the Constitution reflect diverse voices and democratic spirit.
Q1. How long did the Assembly take to frame the Constitution?
Ans: Nearly three years (1946–1949).
Q2. Why were debates important?
Ans: They ensured diverse opinions were respected and consensus was achieved.
Q3. Name two prominent members of the Assembly.
Ans: Rajendra Prasad and Sardar Patel.
Case Study 6: The Preamble
The Preamble is the introductory statement of the Indian Constitution. It declares India a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic and promises justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. It reflects the philosophy of the Constitution and guides interpretation of its provisions.
Q1. What is the significance of the Preamble?
Ans: It reflects the guiding principles and philosophy of the Constitution.
Q2. List two key values from the Preamble.
Ans: Justice and Equality.
Q3. What does “Secular” in the Preamble mean?
Ans: The state has no official religion and treats all religions equally.
Case Study 7: Fundamental Rights
The Constitution guarantees six Fundamental Rights including Right to Equality, Freedom, Against Exploitation, Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights, and Right to Constitutional Remedies. They protect citizens from arbitrary state actions and ensure dignity and equality.
Q1. How many Fundamental Rights are guaranteed today?
Ans: Six Fundamental Rights.
Q2. Which Right acts as the “heart and soul” of the Constitution?
Ans: Right to Constitutional Remedies (Dr. Ambedkar called it so).
Q3. Why are Fundamental Rights important?
Ans: They protect freedoms and ensure justice and equality.
Case Study 8: Universal Adult Franchise
The Indian Constitution granted universal adult franchise from the beginning. Every citizen above 18, irrespective of caste, religion, gender, or wealth, has the right to vote. This was revolutionary because many countries gave voting rights gradually. It strengthened India’s democracy.
Q1. What is universal adult franchise?
Ans: Right of all adults (18+) to vote without discrimination.
Q2. Why was it significant for India?
Ans: It gave equal political rights to all citizens at once.
Q3. How did it strengthen democracy?
Ans: It ensured people’s participation in governance.
Case Study 9: Directive Principles of State Policy
The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) are guidelines for the government to create a welfare state. They promote social and economic justice, ensuring citizens live with dignity. Though not enforceable in courts, DPSPs direct policies on education, health, environment, and equality.
Q1. What are DPSPs?
Ans: Guidelines for government to establish a welfare state.
Q2. Are they legally enforceable?
Ans: No, they are not enforceable in court.
Q3. Mention one aim of DPSPs.
Ans: To promote social and economic justice.
Case Study 10: Inclusion of Diversity
India is a diverse country with many religions, languages, and castes. The Constitution had to accommodate this diversity while ensuring unity. Provisions for minority rights, language protection, and equality were included. This made the Constitution flexible and inclusive, preventing conflicts.
Q1. How did the Constitution address diversity?
Ans: By including provisions for minority rights and equality.
Q2. Why was inclusiveness important?
Ans: To ensure unity and prevent divisions in society.
Q3. Name one safeguard for minorities.
Ans: Cultural and Educational Rights.