Part A – Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Q1. According to Census 2011, what was the population of India?
a) 102 crore
b) 121 crore
c) 130 crore
d) 140 crore
Ans: b) 121 crore
Q2. What is the rank of India in the world in terms of population size?
a) First
b) Second
c) Third
d) Fourth
Ans: b) Second
Q3. Which state has the highest population in India?
a) Maharashtra
b) Uttar Pradesh
c) Bihar
d) West Bengal
Ans: b) Uttar Pradesh
Q4. Which state has the lowest population in India?
a) Sikkim
b) Goa
c) Mizoram
d) Arunachal Pradesh
Ans: d) Arunachal Pradesh
Q5. What does density of population mean?
a) Number of people per family
b) Number of people per unit area
c) Number of people per state
d) Growth of population in a decade
Ans: b) Number of people per unit area
Q6. Which state has the highest population density (2011 Census)?
a) West Bengal
b) Bihar
c) Kerala
d) Uttar Pradesh
Ans: b) Bihar
Q7. What was the density of population in India as per 2011 Census?
a) 324 persons/sq. km
b) 382 persons/sq. km
c) 420 persons/sq. km
d) 500 persons/sq. km
Ans: b) 382 persons/sq. km
Q8. Which Union Territory has the highest density of population?
a) Delhi
b) Chandigarh
c) Puducherry
d) Lakshadweep
Ans: a) Delhi
Q9. Which state has the lowest density of population?
a) Arunachal Pradesh
b) Sikkim
c) Mizoram
d) Nagaland
Ans: a) Arunachal Pradesh
Q10. What is the sex ratio in India as per 2011 Census?
a) 933 females per 1000 males
b) 940 females per 1000 males
c) 950 females per 1000 males
d) 975 females per 1000 males
Ans: b) 940 females per 1000 males
Q11. Which state has the highest sex ratio?
a) Kerala
b) Tamil Nadu
c) Himachal Pradesh
d) Goa
Ans: a) Kerala
Q12. Which state has the lowest sex ratio?
a) Punjab
b) Haryana
c) Uttar Pradesh
d) Rajasthan
Ans: b) Haryana
Q13. Which state has the highest literacy rate?
a) Kerala
b) Goa
c) Mizoram
d) Himachal Pradesh
Ans: a) Kerala
Q14. Which state has the lowest literacy rate?
a) Bihar
b) Rajasthan
c) Jharkhand
d) Arunachal Pradesh
Ans: a) Bihar
Q15. What was the literacy rate of India as per 2011 Census?
a) 64.8%
b) 68.5%
c) 74%
d) 78.5%
Ans: c) 74%
Q16. What is the percentage of India’s working population in the primary sector?
a) 22%
b) 29%
c) 39%
d) 54%
Ans: d) 54%
Q17. Which age group is considered the working population in India?
a) 0–6 years
b) 15–59 years
c) 60 years and above
d) All age groups
Ans: b) 15–59 years
Q18. What is population growth?
a) Change in population over a year
b) Birth rate minus death rate
c) Net change in population between two points in time
d) Migration only
Ans: c) Net change in population between two points in time
Q19. Which factor directly reduces population growth?
a) Birth rate
b) Death rate
c) Migration
d) Fertility rate
Ans: b) Death rate
Q20. Which factor contributes to population growth besides birth rate?
a) Migration
b) Decline in death rate
c) Improved health facilities
d) All of these
Ans: d) All of these
Part B – Assertion and Reason Questions
Instructions: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose:
- (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
- (b) Both A and R are true, but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
- (c) A is true, but R is false
- (d) A is false, but R is true
Q1.
Assertion (A): India is the second most populous country in the world.
Reason (R): India accounts for about 17.5% of the world’s population.
Answer: (a)
Q2.
Assertion (A): Population density is high in the Ganga plain.
Reason (R): The region has fertile soil, flat land, and abundant water supply.
Answer: (a)
Q3.
Assertion (A): Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest population density.
Reason (R): Its terrain is rugged and climate is unfavourable for settlement.
Answer: (a)
Q4.
Assertion (A): Bihar has the highest population density in India.
Reason (R): It has fertile alluvial soil and intensive agriculture.
Answer: (a)
Q5.
Assertion (A): Kerala has the highest sex ratio in India.
Reason (R): Kerala has better social development and women’s empowerment.
Answer: (a)
Q6.
Assertion (A): Haryana has one of the lowest sex ratios in India.
Reason (R): Social preference for male children has led to female foeticide.
Answer: (a)
Q7.
Assertion (A): Literacy rate is higher in urban areas than in rural areas.
Reason (R): Urban areas have better access to schools, colleges, and awareness.
Answer: (a)
Q8.
Assertion (A): Kerala has the highest literacy rate in India.
Reason (R): The state has invested in education and health infrastructure.
Answer: (a)
Q9.
Assertion (A): Bihar has the lowest literacy rate in India.
Reason (R): Educational facilities and awareness are less developed in the state.
Answer: (a)
Q10.
Assertion (A): Population growth is influenced only by birth rate and death rate.
Reason (R): Migration also affects the population size of a region.
Answer: (c)
Q11.
Assertion (A): Death rates have declined in India in recent decades.
Reason (R): Improved health care, sanitation, and medical facilities have reduced mortality.
Answer: (a)
Q12.
Assertion (A): India has a very high proportion of youth in its population.
Reason (R): About 34% of India’s population belongs to the age group of 15–34 years.
Answer: (a)
Q13.
Assertion (A): The working population of India is concentrated in the primary sector.
Reason (R): Agriculture has traditionally been the backbone of India’s economy.
Answer: (a)
Q14.
Assertion (A): Migration affects the distribution of population in India.
Reason (R): People move in search of better employment, education, and living conditions.
Answer: (a)
Q15.
Assertion (A): Population growth rate in India has slowed down after 1981.
Reason (R): Family planning and awareness about small families have increased.
Answer: (a)
Q16.
Assertion (A): Population is an asset for the economy of a country.
Reason (R): Educated and healthy people can contribute to economic development.
Answer: (a)
Q17.
Assertion (A): India’s population growth is evenly distributed.
Reason (R): Relief, climate, and economic opportunities vary across regions.
Answer: (d)
Q18.
Assertion (A): Population density is low in desert regions of Rajasthan.
Reason (R): Hot climate and scarce water discourage dense settlement.
Answer: (a)
Q19.
Assertion (A): India’s population has increased rapidly in the last century.
Reason (R): Birth rates remain high, while death rates have sharply declined.
Answer: (a)
Q20.
Assertion (A): Population is always a burden on the economy.
Reason (R): It depends on how people are educated, skilled, and employed.
Answer: (d)
Part C – Very Short Answer
Q1. What was India’s population as per the 2011 Census?
Ans: According to the 2011 Census, India’s population was about 121 crore (1.21 billion) people. This makes India the second most populous country in the world, after China, accounting for nearly 17.5% of the global population.
Q2. What is India’s rank in world population size?
Ans: India ranks second in the world in terms of population, after China. With a huge population base, India contributes a significant share to the world’s total population, influencing its economy, culture, and development patterns.
Q3. Which state has the highest population in India?
Ans: Uttar Pradesh has the highest population in India. As per the 2011 Census, it had over 19 crore people, making it more populous than many countries like Brazil. Its fertile plains support high density and rapid growth.
Q4. Which state has the lowest population in India?
Ans: Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest population due to its rugged terrain, dense forests, and difficult climatic conditions. These factors limit large-scale settlements and agriculture, keeping the state’s population relatively small despite its vast area.
Q5. Define population density.
Ans: Population density refers to the average number of people living per square kilometre of land area. It shows how crowded or sparsely populated a region is, helping us understand the pressure of people on land resources.
Q6. What was India’s population density in 2011?
Ans: In 2011, India had a population density of 382 persons per square kilometre. This high density reflects the growing population pressure on limited land, particularly in fertile regions like the Ganga plains and coastal areas.
Q7. Which state has the highest population density?
Ans: As per Census 2011, Bihar has the highest population density in India. With over 1,100 persons per sq. km, fertile soil, agriculture, and limited industrial development lead to very high settlement concentration in this state.
Q8. Which Union Territory has the highest population density?
Ans: Delhi has the highest population density among Union Territories, with more than 11,000 persons per sq. km. Being the national capital, it attracts people due to employment, education, transport, and urban facilities.
Q9. Which state has the lowest population density?
Ans: Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest population density in India, with only about 17 persons per sq. km. The hilly terrain, dense forests, and lack of large-scale infrastructure discourage dense settlements in the region.
Q10. What was the sex ratio of India in 2011?
Ans: According to Census 2011, the sex ratio in India was 940 females per 1000 males. This shows a gender imbalance, though some states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu have a much better sex ratio than the national average.
Q11. Which state has the highest sex ratio?
Ans: Kerala has the highest sex ratio in India, with 1084 females per 1000 males as per the 2011 Census. This reflects the state’s progress in women’s health, education, and empowerment compared to other regions.
Q12. Which state has the lowest sex ratio?
Ans: Haryana recorded the lowest sex ratio in India in 2011. Social preference for male children, female foeticide, and gender discrimination are major reasons for this imbalance, which has long-term social consequences.
Q13. What was the literacy rate of India in 2011?
Ans: The literacy rate in India in 2011 was 74%. Male literacy was higher at about 82%, while female literacy lagged at around 65%. This gap highlights gender inequality and the need for better education access for women.
Q14. Which state has the highest literacy rate?
Ans: Kerala had the highest literacy rate in India, about 94% in 2011. The state’s continuous investment in schools, libraries, and social reforms has made education accessible to almost everyone, reducing gender and rural-urban gaps.
Q15. Which state has the lowest literacy rate?
Ans: Bihar had the lowest literacy rate in 2011, at only around 62%. Poor infrastructure, poverty, and lack of awareness about education were major reasons behind this low achievement compared to other states.
Q16. Which age group is considered the working population?
Ans: The working population in India is defined as those in the 15–59 years age group. This group provides labour and services, forming the backbone of the economy. Their productivity determines the nation’s growth and development.
Q17. What percentage of India’s population works in the primary sector?
Ans: About 54% of India’s population is engaged in the primary sector such as agriculture, forestry, and fishing. This indicates India’s dependence on agriculture, though the share of the secondary and tertiary sectors is rising.
Q18. Mention one factor responsible for the rapid growth of India’s population.
Ans: One major factor is the decline in death rates due to better health care, sanitation, and nutrition. While birth rates have remained high, falling mortality has led to rapid natural increase in population.
Q19. What do we mean by population growth?
Ans: Population growth refers to the change in the number of people living in a region during a specific period. It depends on birth rate, death rate, and migration, showing how fast or slow a population increases.
Q20. Name one human resource that makes population an asset.
Ans: Education is one of the most important human resources that turns population into an asset. A skilled and educated population contributes to economic growth, innovation, and improved living standards for the entire society.
Part D – Short Answer
Q1. Explain the size and distribution of India’s population as per 2011 Census.
Ans: According to the 2011 Census, India’s population was 121 crore, making it the second most populous country after China. Population distribution is uneven — states like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, and West Bengal are heavily populated, while hilly states like Arunachal Pradesh remain sparsely populated due to terrain and climatic challenges.
Q2. Define population density and mention India’s density as per 2011.
Ans: Population density means the number of persons living per square kilometre. It indicates the pressure of population on land resources. In 2011, India’s density was 382 persons per sq. km. States like Bihar showed extremely high density, while Arunachal Pradesh recorded very low density because of its physical barriers.
Q3. Why does Bihar have a high population density?
Ans: Bihar has a high density of population due to its fertile alluvial plains, good irrigation, and agriculture-based economy. Rural settlements are very dense, and industrial development is limited, so people depend on agriculture. Traditional family structures and social patterns also support high population growth, making it one of India’s most crowded states.
Q4. What factors are responsible for sparse population in Arunachal Pradesh?
Ans: Arunachal Pradesh has a very low population density due to its rugged terrain, dense forests, and harsh climatic conditions. Agricultural land is limited, transport and communication are underdeveloped, and infrastructure growth is slow. These physical and economic limitations discourage dense settlement, keeping population numbers small despite the state’s large geographical area.
Q5. State the sex ratio of India in 2011 and mention its importance.
Ans: In 2011, India’s sex ratio was 940 females per 1000 males. A balanced sex ratio is important for social stability, equality, and sustainable growth. Low ratios indicate gender discrimination, female foeticide, and poor social conditions of women, while better ratios suggest progress in health, education, and women’s empowerment.
Q6. Which states recorded the highest and lowest sex ratios? Give reasons.
Ans: In 2011, Kerala had the highest sex ratio (1084 females/1000 males) due to women’s education, healthcare, and empowerment. Haryana had the lowest sex ratio due to gender bias, female foeticide, and preference for male children. These contrasts reflect differences in social values, literacy, and awareness between the two states.
Q7. Explain literacy rate and India’s literacy level in 2011.
Ans: Literacy rate is the percentage of people aged 7 years and above who can read and write with understanding. In 2011, India’s literacy was 74%. Male literacy was higher (82%) compared to female literacy (65%). This gender gap highlights inequality in educational opportunities, though states like Kerala achieved near universal literacy.
Q8. Which states had the highest and lowest literacy in 2011? Why?
Ans: Kerala had the highest literacy rate (94%) due to strong social reforms, public awareness, and good educational infrastructure. Bihar, with 62% literacy, had the lowest because of poverty, poor infrastructure, and lack of awareness. This shows how historical, social, and economic factors strongly influence education levels in different states.
Q9. What is the working population? Mention its importance.
Ans: The working population includes people aged 15–59 years. This group is considered economically productive, contributing to industries, agriculture, and services. A larger working-age population provides a demographic dividend, but only if they are skilled, educated, and employed. Otherwise, it may create unemployment and pressure on resources.
Q10. Why is India’s population considered an asset and not a liability?
Ans: Population is an asset when people are healthy, educated, and skilled because they contribute to productivity, innovation, and development. India has a large working-age population, which, if given proper training, education, and employment, can help the nation achieve rapid economic growth and global competitiveness.
Q11. What do you mean by population growth? Explain its types.
Ans: Population growth refers to the increase in the number of people in a region over time. It occurs in two forms:
- Natural Growth – difference between birth rate and death rate.
- Actual Growth – natural growth plus migration.
India’s rapid population growth is mainly due to high birth rates and falling death rates.
Q12. Mention reasons for high birth rate in India.
Ans: High birth rates in India are due to early marriages, preference for large families, poverty, lack of awareness about family planning, and traditional values. Rural areas especially still depend on children for agricultural work, contributing to higher fertility and population growth compared to urban regions.
Q13. State reasons for declining death rate in India.
Ans: Death rates in India declined due to improved healthcare facilities, availability of medicines, vaccination programmes, better nutrition, sanitation, and awareness about hygiene. These advancements reduced infant mortality and increased life expectancy, contributing significantly to rapid natural population growth during the last century.
Q14. Explain the term ‘age composition of population’.
Ans: Age composition refers to the distribution of the population into different age groups such as children (0–14 years), working population (15–59 years), and aged (60+ years). It determines a country’s dependency ratio, workforce strength, and economic potential. India has a relatively large working population, offering a demographic advantage.
Q15. What is the importance of the adolescent population in India?
Ans: Adolescents (10–19 years) form about one-fifth of India’s population. This group is energetic and dynamic, capable of driving future growth. If provided with education, skills, and healthcare, they can transform into valuable human resources. However, lack of opportunities may turn them into a burden.
Q16. Mention the occupational structure of India’s population.
Ans: Occupational structure refers to the distribution of people across primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors. In India, 54% are engaged in agriculture (primary), 29% in secondary industries, and 17% in services. This shows India’s dependence on farming, though industrial and service sectors are slowly expanding.
Q17. How does migration affect the population of a region?
Ans: Migration changes population size, composition, and distribution. Rural-to-urban migration increases city population, creating employment pressure, housing shortages, and slums. Out-migration reduces rural workforce but sometimes improves income through remittances. Migration also affects cultural patterns, urbanization trends, and resource distribution in India.
Q18. State three advantages of having a large population in India.
Ans: A large population offers:
- Abundant labour force for industries and agriculture.
- Large domestic market for goods and services.
- Diverse talent pool that drives innovation and cultural richness.
If harnessed with proper education, skills, and healthcare, it becomes a powerful asset for economic development.
Q19. State three disadvantages of having a large population.
Ans: A very large population can lead to:
- Unemployment and underemployment due to lack of jobs.
- Pressure on land and natural resources, causing overuse and environmental degradation.
- Low standard of living, poverty, and shortage of housing and healthcare. Thus, unchecked population growth may become a burden.
Q20. How does education improve the quality of population?
Ans: Education improves knowledge, skills, and awareness. It reduces poverty, empowers women, controls population growth, and opens opportunities for better jobs. An educated population contributes more effectively to economic development, innovation, and nation-building. Thus, education transforms people into assets for the country.
Part E – Long Answer
Q1. Describe the size and distribution of India’s population as per the 2011 Census.
Ans: India, with a population of 121 crore (1.21 billion) in 2011, accounts for about 17.5% of the world’s population, making it the second most populous country after China. The population distribution is highly uneven. States like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, and West Bengal have very high populations due to fertile land, agriculture, and better opportunities. In contrast, hilly states such as Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Sikkim have very sparse population due to difficult terrain and limited resources. Urban areas are more densely populated than rural ones due to better employment and facilities. This unequal distribution affects resource use, economic development, and living standards across different parts of the country.
Q2. Define population density and explain its pattern in India.
Ans: Population density refers to the number of persons per square kilometre of area. In 2011, India’s density was 382 persons per sq. km, but this figure hides wide regional differences. Bihar had the highest density due to fertile plains and agriculture-based economy, while Arunachal Pradesh recorded the lowest because of mountainous terrain and forests. Delhi had the highest density among Union Territories, with over 11,000 persons per sq. km, showing urban concentration. Factors like fertility of soil, industrial development, climate, and availability of resources strongly influence population density. Hence, while the Gangetic plains are densely populated, the Himalayas and deserts remain sparsely populated. Such uneven distribution has important implications for planning and resource management.
Q3. Discuss the factors influencing high population density in India.
Ans: High population density in India is mainly influenced by physical and socio-economic factors. Fertile alluvial plains, such as those in the Ganga and Brahmaputra basins, support dense settlement due to productive agriculture. Availability of water, moderate climate, and flat terrain make these areas suitable for living. Socio-economic factors such as agricultural dependence, job opportunities in industries, and better infrastructure also attract more people. For example, Bihar and West Bengal are densely populated due to fertile land and irrigation, while states like Kerala have high density because of social development and urbanization. In contrast, areas with rugged terrain or harsh climate remain less populated. Thus, population density is the outcome of both natural and human-made conditions.
Q4. Why do some states in India have sparse population? Explain with examples.
Ans: Several states in India have a sparse population due to physical barriers, climate, and poor economic opportunities. For example, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Sikkim have very low population densities because of hilly terrain, dense forests, and harsh climatic conditions. These areas offer limited scope for agriculture, industries, and urban development, discouraging large settlements. Similarly, Rajasthan’s desert areas are sparsely populated due to scarcity of water and extreme climate. In the Himalayan regions like Ladakh, cold weather and poor infrastructure restrict population growth. These states often face challenges in communication, transport, and economic development. Thus, unfavorable physical environment and lack of facilities are the main causes behind sparse population in many parts of India.
Q5. Explain the importance of sex ratio in population studies.
Ans: The sex ratio is the number of females per 1000 males. It is an important social indicator reflecting the status of women, gender equality, and demographic balance in a society. In 2011, India’s sex ratio was 940 females per 1000 males, which is lower than the global average. Kerala had the highest sex ratio (1084) due to women’s education, healthcare, and empowerment. On the other hand, Haryana had the lowest sex ratio due to female foeticide and male preference. A low sex ratio suggests gender discrimination, which affects social stability and development. Improving sex ratio through education, awareness, and strict laws is essential for achieving equality and balanced social progress in India.
Q6. Discuss literacy rates in India and their importance.
Ans: Literacy is the ability of people aged 7 years and above to read and write with understanding. In 2011, India’s literacy rate was 74%, with 82% males and 65% females. Kerala recorded the highest literacy (94%) due to social reforms and better educational infrastructure, while Bihar had the lowest (62%) due to poverty and lack of awareness. Literacy is crucial as it enhances human resource quality, creates awareness about health and hygiene, reduces poverty, and helps in family planning. Educated citizens contribute more productively to the economy and society. A higher literacy rate also leads to better gender equality, democratic participation, and overall progress of the nation.
Q7. Explain the significance of age composition of population in India.
Ans: Age composition refers to the distribution of population in different age groups, such as children (0–14 years), working age (15–59 years), and aged (60+ years). In India, the working-age group forms the majority, giving the country a demographic advantage. This large workforce can boost economic growth if provided with education, skills, and employment. However, children form a significant share, which increases dependency ratio and requires investment in schools and healthcare. The aged population is also rising, demanding healthcare and social support. Thus, age composition influences the dependency ratio, economic productivity, and development planning of the nation. India’s youthful population can be a boon if transformed into skilled manpower.
Q8. Why is adolescent population important for India’s future?
Ans: Adolescents (10–19 years) form about 20% of India’s population, making them a significant demographic group. They are energetic, dynamic, and capable of shaping the country’s future. If provided with proper education, skills, healthcare, and awareness, adolescents can become a valuable resource for economic and social progress. They can drive innovation, entrepreneurship, and development in all sectors. However, lack of opportunities may turn this group into a liability, leading to unemployment, poverty, and frustration. Hence, investment in youth development programmes, vocational training, and empowerment initiatives is crucial. A strong adolescent population, when nurtured well, ensures long-term sustainable growth and global competitiveness for India.
Q9. What are the causes of high birth rate in India?
Ans: India’s high birth rate is influenced by several social, economic, and cultural factors. Early marriages and preference for large families increase fertility rates. Lack of awareness about family planning methods, poor access to healthcare, and poverty further contribute to high births. In rural areas, children are often considered assets who help in agriculture and provide old-age security to parents. Illiteracy and gender bias also play major roles, as male children are often preferred. Government programmes for population control have helped, but uneven awareness remains. Thus, social customs, low literacy, and economic needs combine to keep birth rates high, although they have been gradually declining in recent years.
Q10. Explain the reasons for declining death rate in India.
Ans: Death rates in India have declined significantly over the last century. Major reasons include improvement in healthcare facilities, vaccination, better sanitation, safe drinking water, and nutritional awareness. Government programmes to combat epidemics and diseases reduced infant and maternal mortality. Availability of modern medicines and rural health centres also contributed. Life expectancy increased due to improved living standards. Public awareness about hygiene and family health further helped in reducing deaths. Together with a still high birth rate, the decline in death rate led to rapid population growth. Thus, better healthcare, awareness, and medical facilities have been key reasons behind India’s falling death rate.
Q11. What is the occupational structure of India’s population?
Ans: The occupational structure shows how the working population is engaged in different economic activities. In India, about 54% of the population works in the primary sector (mainly agriculture), around 29% in the secondary sector (industries), and about 17% in the tertiary sector (services). This pattern shows India’s dependence on agriculture, even though industrial and service sectors are expanding. Developed nations have a majority in secondary and tertiary activities, reflecting advanced economies. India’s occupational structure is gradually changing with more people shifting to non-farm work due to urbanization, industrialization, and education. The change indicates progress, but a large agricultural workforce still shows disguised unemployment. Improving skills and promoting industrial growth are essential for balanced development.
Q12. How does migration affect the population of a region?
Ans: Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another. It affects the size, distribution, and composition of population. Rural-to-urban migration increases urban population, causing pressure on housing, employment, and infrastructure, leading to problems like slums and pollution. Out-migration reduces the rural workforce but may bring remittances that improve living conditions in villages. Migration also influences cultural diversity, urbanization patterns, and regional development. For example, Delhi and Mumbai attract migrants due to job opportunities, while states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh witness large-scale out-migration. Thus, migration reshapes population patterns, often creating opportunities but also posing challenges of resource management and social balance.
Q13. What are the advantages of having a large population in India?
Ans: A large population provides several advantages. First, it ensures an abundant labour force for agriculture, industries, and services. Second, it creates a large domestic market, which encourages industries and businesses to expand production. Third, it provides a diverse pool of talent, skills, and innovation, which can drive economic growth and cultural richness. With a majority in the working-age group, India enjoys a demographic dividend. If this population is properly educated, skilled, and employed, it can lead to rapid industrial and technological progress. Thus, a large population is not necessarily a burden; it can be transformed into an asset if managed through proper planning and human resource development.
Q14. What are the disadvantages of having a very large population?
Ans: A very large population creates several problems if not supported by adequate resources and opportunities. It leads to unemployment and underemployment due to limited jobs. Pressure on land and natural resources results in overuse, deforestation, and environmental degradation. Housing shortages create slums in urban areas, while poverty and malnutrition remain widespread in rural regions. A huge population also puts stress on healthcare, education, and sanitation systems. High dependency ratios from children and aged groups reduce savings and economic growth. Thus, while population can be an asset if developed properly, uncontrolled population growth creates a burden on resources, lowers the standard of living, and hampers sustainable development.
Q15. How does education improve the quality of population?
Ans: Education is the most important factor in improving population quality. It imparts knowledge, skills, and awareness, making people more productive and capable of contributing to economic growth. Educated individuals get better job opportunities, reducing poverty and unemployment. Education also helps in controlling population growth by creating awareness about family planning and health. It empowers women, reduces gender inequality, and promotes democratic values. Literate citizens are more conscious about hygiene, environment, and nutrition, leading to healthier living. Thus, education transforms people from a liability into an asset, creating a skilled workforce that can compete globally. Investment in universal education is key for sustainable development in India.
Q16. Explain how population growth affects economic development.
Ans: Population growth affects economic development both positively and negatively. On the positive side, a large working population provides labour and creates demand for goods and services. On the negative side, rapid and uncontrolled growth creates unemployment, poverty, and pressure on resources. It lowers per capita income and living standards, as resources are divided among more people. High dependency ratios due to children and aged populations further reduce economic efficiency. Overpopulation also strains housing, education, and healthcare. However, if growth is accompanied by skill development, employment opportunities, and proper planning, it can support development. Thus, the relationship between population growth and development depends on how human resources are managed.
Q17. Differentiate between rural and urban population distribution in India.
Ans: India has a highly uneven rural and urban distribution. About 69% of people live in rural areas, depending on agriculture and related activities. Rural areas are more scattered, with lower population density compared to cities. On the other hand, 31% live in urban areas, which are densely populated due to industrialization, trade, and services. Cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Chennai attract migrants for employment, making them overcrowded. Rural areas face challenges like poverty, lack of healthcare, and poor infrastructure, while urban areas face housing shortages, pollution, and slums. Thus, rural-urban distribution highlights India’s dependence on agriculture along with rising urbanization trends.
Q18. What steps has the government taken to control population growth?
Ans: The government has adopted several measures to control population growth. Family planning programmes promote awareness about contraception, small family norms, and reproductive health. Campaigns like Hum Do, Hamare Do encouraged couples to limit children. Free medical facilities, maternity care, and awareness drives improved maternal and child health, reducing infant mortality. Education, especially of women, has been promoted to reduce fertility rates. Laws to prevent early marriage also help in controlling birth rates. Population policies emphasize healthcare, education, and employment opportunities to stabilize growth. While progress has been made, uneven awareness and cultural resistance remain challenges. Continued efforts are required for sustainable population management.
Q19. Explain the concept of demographic dividend. How is it useful for India?
Ans: The demographic dividend refers to the economic advantage a country gains when it has a larger working-age population compared to dependents. India, with over 60% of people in the 15–59 age group, enjoys this opportunity. A youthful workforce can boost production, innovation, and entrepreneurship. It can also attract global investment due to abundant skilled labour. However, this dividend is useful only if the population is healthy, educated, and employed. Without skills and jobs, the same youth may face unemployment and frustration. Therefore, investment in education, healthcare, skill development, and job creation is crucial to turn India’s demographic potential into a real advantage.
Q20. How does population act both as an asset and a liability?
Ans: Population acts as an asset when people are healthy, skilled, and educated because they contribute productively to the economy. A large workforce supports industries, agriculture, and services, while educated citizens promote innovation and cultural richness. However, population becomes a liability when there is unemployment, poverty, and lack of resources. Overpopulation leads to pressure on land, water, housing, and healthcare. Without proper planning, a large population lowers living standards and slows development. Thus, the same population can be a boon or a burden depending on how effectively it is developed and managed through policies on education, health, and employment.
Part E – Case Based QAs
Case Study 1: India’s Population Growth
India’s population has grown rapidly over the past century. In 1901, it was only about 23.8 crore, while in 2011 it reached 121 crore. This growth is due to declining death rates and high birth rates. The country faces challenges such as unemployment, poverty, and pressure on resources. Yet, with a large working-age population, India has the potential to enjoy a demographic dividend if proper education, skills, and jobs are provided.
Q1. What was India’s population in 2011?
Ans: 121 crore.
Q2. Mention one reason for rapid population growth.
Ans: Decline in death rates due to better healthcare.
Q3. What opportunity does a large working-age population give India?
Ans: It offers a demographic dividend if properly trained and employed.
Case Study 2: Uneven Distribution of Population
The population of India is unevenly distributed. The Gangetic plains, coastal areas, and states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal are densely populated due to fertile soil, agriculture, and water availability. On the other hand, areas like Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Ladakh are sparsely populated because of rugged terrain, dense forests, and harsh climates. This uneven pattern affects resource use, development, and standard of living.
Q1. Name one densely populated state.
Ans: Uttar Pradesh.
Q2. Why is Arunachal Pradesh sparsely populated?
Ans: Due to difficult terrain and dense forests.
Q3. Mention one factor responsible for high population density.
Ans: Fertile alluvial soil in plains.
Case Study 3: Population Density
Population density is the number of people per square kilometre. In 2011, India’s average density was 382 persons per sq. km. Bihar recorded the highest density because of fertile land, while Arunachal Pradesh had the lowest. Among Union Territories, Delhi had over 11,000 persons per sq. km. Population density reflects the balance between people and resources, and it varies with physical and human factors.
Q1. Define population density.
Ans: Number of persons living per square kilometre.
Q2. Which state has the highest density of population?
Ans: Bihar.
Q3. Why does Delhi have a very high density?
Ans: Because of urbanization, jobs, and infrastructure.
Case Study 4: Sex Ratio in India
The sex ratio is an important demographic indicator. In India, the sex ratio in 2011 was 940 females per 1000 males. Kerala had the highest sex ratio (1084), reflecting better social status of women, while Haryana had the lowest due to gender bias and female foeticide. A low sex ratio shows discrimination against women, which hampers social development. Improving healthcare, education, and awareness is vital to correcting this imbalance.
Q1. What was India’s sex ratio in 2011?
Ans: 940 females per 1000 males.
Q2. Which state had the highest sex ratio?
Ans: Kerala.
Q3. What does a low sex ratio indicate?
Ans: Gender discrimination and poor status of women.
Case Study 5: Literacy Rate
Literacy is a key measure of human development. In 2011, India’s literacy rate was 74% — 82% for males and 65% for females. Kerala had the highest literacy (94%) due to social reforms and investments in education, while Bihar had the lowest (62%). Education improves employment opportunities, awareness, and family welfare. Gender gap in literacy still remains a major challenge.
Q1. What was India’s literacy rate in 2011?
Ans: 74%.
Q2. Which state recorded the highest literacy?
Ans: Kerala.
Q3. Why is literacy important?
Ans: It improves employment, awareness, and quality of life.
Case Study 6: Age Composition
Age composition is an important demographic feature. In India, children (0–14 years) form a large share, while the working-age group (15–59 years) is the largest, giving India a demographic advantage. The aged (60+ years) are also increasing. A large working-age group can contribute to growth, but dependent children and elderly increase economic burden. Proper planning for health, education, and jobs is essential.
Q1. What is the working-age group in India?
Ans: 15–59 years.
Q2. Why is India’s working population significant?
Ans: It provides a demographic advantage.
Q3. What challenge arises from a large child population?
Ans: High dependency ratio and need for schools and healthcare.
Case Study 7: Adolescent Population
Adolescents (10–19 years) form nearly one-fifth of India’s population. They are energetic and capable of shaping the nation’s future. If given education, skills, and healthcare, they can become productive resources. However, lack of opportunities may lead to unemployment, frustration, or social problems. Therefore, adolescent empowerment programmes are crucial for turning this group into an asset.
Q1. What age group is considered adolescents?
Ans: 10–19 years.
Q2. What share of India’s population do they form?
Ans: About one-fifth.
Q3. Why is this group important?
Ans: They can become valuable human resources for development.
Case Study 8: Occupational Structure
India’s occupational structure is dominated by the primary sector, with 54% of people engaged in agriculture. Around 29% work in secondary industries, and 17% in services. Developed countries show the reverse pattern, with more people in industries and services. India’s slow shift shows dependence on farming and lack of industrial jobs. Expanding secondary and tertiary sectors is crucial for balanced growth.
Q1. What percentage of Indians work in agriculture?
Ans: About 54%.
Q2. Which sector employs the least population?
Ans: Tertiary sector.
Q3. Why is India still dependent on agriculture?
Ans: Because of rural economy and limited industrial growth.
Case Study 9: Migration Trends
Migration plays a major role in India’s population change. Rural-to-urban migration is common due to employment, education, and better living facilities. Cities like Delhi and Mumbai face overcrowding due to in-migration, leading to slums and pollution. States like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh witness large-scale out-migration. Migration also brings cultural diversity and remittances to rural areas.
Q1. Name two cities that attract large migrants.
Ans: Delhi and Mumbai.
Q2. Mention one negative impact of migration.
Ans: Overcrowding and slum development.
Q3. Which states experience heavy out-migration?
Ans: Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
Case Study 10: Population as an Asset or Liability
Population can be both an asset and a liability. Educated, skilled, and healthy people are assets as they contribute to production, innovation, and growth. But when people are uneducated, unemployed, and unhealthy, they become a burden on resources. India’s challenge is to convert its large population into an asset by investing in education, healthcare, and skill development to ensure sustainable growth.
Q1. When does population become an asset?
Ans: When people are educated, skilled, and healthy.
Q2. When does population become a liability?
Ans: When people are unemployed, uneducated, and poor.
Q3. How can India turn population into an asset?
Ans: By improving education, healthcare, and skills.