Class 9th Geography Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Important QAs

Part A – Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Q1. Which type of forest is found in areas with more than 200 cm annual rainfall?
a) Tropical Deciduous
b) Tropical Evergreen
c) Thorny Forest
d) Montane Forest
Ans: b) Tropical Evergreen

Q2. The Sundarbans are famous for which animal?
a) Asiatic Lion
b) Royal Bengal Tiger
c) Snow Leopard
d) Wild Ass
Ans: b) Royal Bengal Tiger

Q3. Which tree is commonly found in thorn forests?
a) Teak
b) Bamboo
c) Acacia
d) Oak
Ans: c) Acacia

Q4. The Gir National Park in Gujarat is known for which species?
a) Tiger
b) Asiatic Lion
c) Elephant
d) One-horned Rhinoceros
Ans: b) Asiatic Lion

Q5. Which factor is NOT responsible for the diversity of vegetation in India?
a) Temperature
b) Soil
c) Festivals
d) Precipitation
Ans: c) Festivals

Q6. Which forest type sheds its leaves for 6–8 weeks in summer?
a) Tropical Evergreen
b) Tropical Deciduous
c) Thorny Forest
d) Mangroves
Ans: b) Tropical Deciduous

Q7. Which state has the highest mangrove cover in India?
a) Odisha
b) Gujarat
c) West Bengal
d) Andhra Pradesh
Ans: c) West Bengal

Q8. Which of the following is a biosphere reserve in India?
a) Jim Corbett
b) Nanda Devi
c) Kanha
d) Gir
Ans: b) Nanda Devi

Q9. Which climatic region supports tropical evergreen forests?
a) Dry areas
b) Monsoon with less than 100 cm rainfall
c) Heavy rainfall above 200 cm
d) Temperate regions only
Ans: c) Heavy rainfall above 200 cm

Q10. Which of the following animals is NOT naturally found in India?
a) Elephant
b) Kangaroo
c) Rhinoceros
d) Snow Leopard
Ans: b) Kangaroo

Q11. Which type of vegetation is found in the Ganga plain?
a) Thorny vegetation
b) Mangroves
c) Tropical Deciduous
d) Alpine vegetation
Ans: c) Tropical Deciduous

Q12. Which tree is called the “Kalpavriksha”?
a) Banyan
b) Mango
c) Coconut
d) Peepal
Ans: c) Coconut

Q13. In which state is the Kaziranga National Park located?
a) West Bengal
b) Assam
c) Rajasthan
d) Kerala
Ans: b) Assam

Q14. Montane forests are found in which region?
a) Desert
b) Coastal plains
c) Himalayas
d) Deccan Plateau
Ans: c) Himalayas

Q15. Which tree is common in tropical evergreen forests?
a) Neem
b) Rosewood
c) Babool
d) Eucalyptus
Ans: b) Rosewood

Q16. Which animal is found in Ladakh’s alpine vegetation?
a) Tiger
b) Yak
c) Lion
d) Giraffe
Ans: b) Yak

Q17. Which is the largest biosphere reserve in India?
a) Nilgiri
b) Nanda Devi
c) Sundarbans
d) Gulf of Mannar
Ans: a) Nilgiri

Q18. Which natural vegetation type is known as monsoon forests?
a) Tropical Evergreen
b) Tropical Deciduous
c) Thorny Forests
d) Alpine Forests
Ans: b) Tropical Deciduous

Q19. Which is a critically endangered species in India?
a) Peacock
b) Crocodile
c) Great Indian Bustard
d) Elephant
Ans: c) Great Indian Bustard

Q20. The Gir forest in Gujarat is famous for conserving which species?
a) Leopard
b) Asiatic Lion
c) Blackbuck
d) Wild Ass
Ans: b) Asiatic Lion

Part B – Assertion and Reason Questions

Instructions: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose:

• (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation
• (b) Both A and R are true, but R is NOT the correct explanation
• (c) A is true, but R is false
• (d) A is false, but R is true

Q1.
Assertion (A): Tropical evergreen forests remain green throughout the year.
Reason (R): These forests shed all their leaves during dry summer.
Ans: A is true, R is false.

Q2.
Assertion (A): Tropical deciduous forests are called monsoon forests.
Reason (R): They shed their leaves for 6–8 weeks in the dry season.
Ans: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.

Q3.
Assertion (A): Mangrove trees have breathing roots.
Reason (R): They grow in swampy areas with high salt content.
Ans: Both A and R are true, and R explains A.

Q4.
Assertion (A): Rajasthan has thorny vegetation.
Reason (R): This region has scanty rainfall and dry climate.
Ans: Both A and R are true, and R explains A.

Q5.
Assertion (A): Montane forests change with altitude.
Reason (R): Climate conditions vary with height.
Ans: Both A and R are true, and R explains A.

Q6.
Assertion (A): The Sundarbans are known for thick mangrove forests.
Reason (R): The Ganga and Brahmaputra delta provide saline and tidal water conditions.
Ans: Both A and R are true, and R explains A.

Q7.
Assertion (A): The Himalayan region has alpine vegetation.
Reason (R): Low temperature and snowfall restrict tree growth at higher altitudes.
Ans: Both A and R are true, and R explains A.

Q8.
Assertion (A): India is rich in biodiversity.
Reason (R): It has varied climate, relief, and soil conditions.
Ans: Both A and R are true, and R explains A.

Q9.
Assertion (A): The Great Indian Bustard is a vulnerable species.
Reason (R): It is found in large numbers in the Thar Desert.
Ans: A is true, R is false.

Q10.
Assertion (A): Deciduous forests are more widespread in India than evergreen forests.
Reason (R): Most parts of India receive 100–200 cm rainfall.
Ans: Both A and R are true, and R explains A.

Q11.
Assertion (A): Mangrove forests are found in coastal areas.
Reason (R): They require both fresh water and saline water to survive.
Ans: Both A and R are true, and R explains A.

Q12.
Assertion (A): Coniferous trees have needle-like leaves.
Reason (R): Needle leaves help in conserving moisture and withstand cold.
Ans: Both A and R are true, and R explains A.

Q13.
Assertion (A): Tropical evergreen forests are commercially less exploited.
Reason (R): They are dense and difficult to access.
Ans: Both A and R are true, and R explains A.

Q14.
Assertion (A): Deciduous forests provide valuable timber.
Reason (R): Teak, sal, and sandalwood trees are found in them.
Ans: Both A and R are true, and R explains A.

Q15.
Assertion (A): Indian forests support large animal diversity.
Reason (R): Different vegetation zones provide habitats for various species.
Ans: Both A and R are true, and R explains A.

Q16.
Assertion (A): Elephants are found in Assam and Kerala.
Reason (R): Both states have tropical evergreen and deciduous forests.
Ans: Both A and R are true, and R explains A.

Q17.
Assertion (A): Thorny vegetation has long roots.
Reason (R): This helps them absorb moisture from deep underground.
Ans: Both A and R are true, and R explains A.

Q18.
Assertion (A): The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve protects endangered species.
Reason (R): It includes national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
Ans: Both A and R are true, and R explains A.

Q19.
Assertion (A): India has 103 national parks and 535 wildlife sanctuaries (approx).
Reason (R): These are created to protect biodiversity.
Ans: Both A and R are true, and R explains A.

Q20.
Assertion (A): The Himalayan Yaks are adapted to alpine vegetation.
Reason (R): Their thick fur protects them from extreme cold.
Ans: Both A and R are true, and R explains A.

Part C – Very Short Answer

Q1. Define natural vegetation.
Ans: Natural vegetation refers to plant cover that grows naturally without human interference, sustained by local climate, soil, and relief conditions.

Q2. What is virgin vegetation?
Ans: Virgin vegetation is the original plant cover untouched by human activities, found in remote and undisturbed areas.

Q3. Name the major types of vegetation found in India.
Ans: Tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests, montane forests, and mangroves.

Q4. Which type of forests are called monsoon forests?
Ans: Tropical deciduous forests are called monsoon forests because they shed leaves in dry seasons and regrow with monsoon rains.

Q5. Where are tropical evergreen forests found in India?
Ans: They are found in the Western Ghats, Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and parts of Assam and Meghalaya.

Q6. Give one feature of tropical evergreen forests.
Ans: These forests remain green throughout the year and have dense, multi-layered vegetation.

Q7. What is the average rainfall needed for tropical deciduous forests?
Ans: These forests grow in regions receiving 100–200 cm of annual rainfall.

Q8. Name two trees of tropical deciduous forests.
Ans: Teak and sal.

Q9. Where are thorny forests found in India?
Ans: They are found in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, and rain-scarce parts of Madhya Pradesh.

Q10. Name one tree commonly found in thorn forests.
Ans: Acacia (Babool).

Q11. Where are mangrove forests found in India?
Ans: Mangroves are found in the deltas of the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri rivers.

Q12. Which tree dominates mangrove vegetation in India?
Ans: Sundari tree in the Sundarbans.

Q13. Name one animal species found in mangrove forests.
Ans: The Royal Bengal Tiger.

Q14. Where are montane forests found?
Ans: Montane forests are found in the Himalayan and Nilgiri mountain regions.

Q15. Which trees are found in temperate forests of the Himalayas?
Ans: Oak, chestnut, pine, and deodar.

Q16. Name two biosphere reserves in India.
Ans: Nilgiri and Nanda Devi.

Q17. Name the natural habitat of the Asiatic Lion.
Ans: The Gir National Park in Gujarat.

Q18. Name the natural habitat of the one-horned rhinoceros.
Ans: Kaziranga National Park in Assam.

Q19. Which animal is found in Ladakh’s alpine vegetation?
Ans: Yak.

Q20. Mention one reason for the rich biodiversity of India.
Ans: India’s biodiversity is due to its varied climate, relief features, and soil types supporting diverse vegetation.

Part D – Short Answer

Q1. What are the factors responsible for the diversity of vegetation in India?
Ans: The diversity of vegetation in India is due to variations in climate, temperature, soil, and relief. Rainfall ranges from heavy in the Western Ghats to scanty in Rajasthan. Altitude also influences vegetation, with tropical forests in plains and alpine vegetation in high mountains.

Q2. Explain the difference between tropical evergreen and tropical deciduous forests.
Ans: Tropical evergreen forests grow in regions with more than 200 cm rainfall, remain green all year, and have dense, multi-layered vegetation. Tropical deciduous forests grow in 100–200 cm rainfall areas, shed leaves in dry summer, and are more open and commercially useful for timber.

Q3. Why are tropical evergreen forests not commercially exploited?
Ans: Evergreen forests are dense, grow in remote areas, and have tall trees with hard wood. The absence of proper transport and the dense growth make commercial exploitation difficult, though they provide valuable timber like ebony and rosewood.

Q4. Describe the features of tropical deciduous forests.
Ans: These forests are monsoon forests found in areas with 100–200 cm rainfall. They shed leaves in dry summer for about 6–8 weeks. Trees like teak, sal, and sandalwood are common. They are the most widespread forests in India and provide valuable timber.

Q5. Where are thorn forests found and what are their features?
Ans: Thorn forests are found in arid regions like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, and rain-scarce parts of Madhya Pradesh. They consist of thorny bushes and trees like acacia, babool, and khejri, which have long roots and thick leaves to conserve water.

Q6. Explain the importance of mangrove forests.
Ans: Mangrove forests grow in coastal saline and swampy areas, such as the deltas of the Ganga and Brahmaputra. They protect coasts from erosion, provide habitats for species like the Royal Bengal Tiger, and support biodiversity. Sundari trees dominate these forests.

Q7. How does altitude influence natural vegetation in the Himalayas?
Ans: In the Himalayas, vegetation varies with altitude. Tropical deciduous forests are found at the foothills, temperate forests with oak and chestnut grow at higher levels, and coniferous trees like pine and deodar grow further up. Alpine grasslands dominate the highest altitudes.

Q8. Write a note on montane forests.
Ans: Montane forests are found in hilly regions like the Himalayas and Nilgiris. They vary with altitude, from tropical deciduous in lower levels to coniferous and alpine vegetation at higher levels. They support diverse species such as fir, pine, oak, and cedar.

Q9. Why is India rich in fauna?
Ans: India’s varied climate, vegetation, and relief provide suitable habitats for diverse fauna. From deserts to tropical forests and alpine zones, India supports tigers, elephants, lions, rhinoceroses, reptiles, birds, and aquatic species, making it one of the world’s richest biodiversity zones.

Q10. Mention three steps taken by India to conserve wildlife.
Ans: India has established over 100 national parks and more than 500 wildlife sanctuaries. It has created biosphere reserves like Nilgiri and Nanda Devi. Laws like the Wildlife Protection Act (1972) ban hunting of endangered species and promote afforestation.

Q11. Why are tropical deciduous forests more widespread than evergreen forests in India?
Ans: Most parts of India receive rainfall between 100–200 cm, which suits tropical deciduous forests. Evergreen forests require over 200 cm rainfall and are restricted to areas like the Western Ghats and Andaman–Nicobar. Hence deciduous forests cover larger areas.

Q12. Write three characteristics of mangrove trees.
Ans: Mangrove trees grow in swampy, saline tidal areas. They have stilt roots or breathing roots to absorb oxygen from waterlogged soils. They can survive both fresh and saline water, and Sundari is the dominant mangrove tree in India.

Q13. What are biosphere reserves? Give one example.
Ans: Biosphere reserves are large protected areas created to conserve biodiversity, including flora, fauna, and human activities. They include core, buffer, and transition zones. Example: Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, which protects elephants, tigers, and endemic plants.

Q14. How do thorny plants adapt to arid regions?
Ans: Thorny plants like acacia and babool have long roots to reach underground water. Their leaves are small, thick, or modified into spines to reduce transpiration. This helps them survive in arid and semi-arid regions like Rajasthan.

Q15. Distinguish between alpine and temperate vegetation in the Himalayas.
Ans: Alpine vegetation is found at very high altitudes above 3,600 m, consisting of mosses, lichens, and grasslands, supporting animals like yaks. Temperate vegetation, found at middle altitudes, includes oak, pine, and chestnut trees.

Q16. Why is conservation of natural vegetation important?
Ans: Natural vegetation maintains ecological balance, provides oxygen, controls climate, prevents soil erosion, and supports wildlife. It also provides timber, fuel, and medicines. Conservation ensures survival of biodiversity and sustainable human development.

Q17. Name three animals found in the Himalayas.
Ans: Snow leopard, yak, and Himalayan tahr are common in the high-altitude Himalayas, where alpine vegetation and cold climate provide their natural habitats.

Q18. What is the importance of wildlife sanctuaries?
Ans: Wildlife sanctuaries protect animal species from hunting and habitat loss. They provide safe breeding grounds, conserve endangered species, and maintain biodiversity. Examples include Gir Sanctuary (lions) and Kaziranga (rhinoceros).

Q19. Mention three uses of forests for humans.
Ans: Forests provide timber, fuelwood, and medicinal plants. They also regulate climate, prevent floods and soil erosion, and serve as habitats for animals, thus supporting human life and economy.

Q20. What is the role of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972?
Ans: The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 aims to safeguard species by banning hunting of endangered animals, protecting habitats, and establishing national parks and sanctuaries. It is a milestone in India’s conservation efforts.

Part E – Long Answer

Q1. Explain the major types of natural vegetation in India.
Ans: India has five major types of natural vegetation. Tropical evergreen forests grow in heavy rainfall areas like the Western Ghats. Tropical deciduous forests are the most widespread, found in central and northern India. Thorn forests occur in arid areas like Rajasthan. Montane forests grow in the Himalayan regions, varying with altitude. Mangrove forests are found in tidal and coastal regions, such as the Sundarbans. Each type of forest provides valuable resources like timber, medicine, fuel, and habitat for wildlife. The diversity is due to India’s varied climate, relief, and soil.

Q2. Describe the features and distribution of tropical evergreen forests in India.
Ans: Tropical evergreen forests are found in areas with more than 200 cm rainfall and high humidity. They remain green throughout the year due to continuous rainfall. Trees like ebony, mahogany, rosewood, and rubber are common. These forests are dense, multi-layered, and have trees reaching 60 meters in height. They are found in the Western Ghats, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, northeast states, and parts of the Himalayas. Commercial exploitation is limited due to difficult terrain and dense growth, but these forests are important for biodiversity, water regulation, and carbon absorption.

Q3. Write about tropical deciduous forests and their importance.
Ans: Tropical deciduous forests, also called monsoon forests, are the most widespread forests in India. They grow in areas with 100–200 cm rainfall. These forests shed leaves in summer for 6–8 weeks to conserve water. They are divided into moist deciduous (e.g., teak, sal, shisham) and dry deciduous forests (e.g., babool, neem, palas). Found in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand, these forests are rich in timber resources. Teak, sal, and sandalwood are valuable for furniture and construction. They support a large variety of wildlife. These forests are very important for India’s economy and ecological balance.

Q4. Write the characteristics, distribution, and importance of thorn forests.
Ans: Thorn forests are found in areas with less than 70 cm rainfall, such as Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, and rain-scarce parts of Madhya Pradesh. Vegetation consists of thorny bushes, acacia, babool, and khejri trees, which adapt to arid conditions with long roots and small leaves to reduce water loss. These forests provide fodder for animals and wood for fuel. Despite their sparse vegetation, thorn forests support camels, blackbucks, and desert foxes. Human communities in these regions depend on these forests for survival. Their adaptation to dry conditions makes them important in preventing desertification and supporting biodiversity in arid zones.

Q5. What are mangrove forests? Explain their characteristics and significance.
Ans: Mangrove forests grow in coastal, saline, and tidal areas. They are found in deltas of rivers like the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri. The most common tree is Sundari in the Sundarbans, which gives the forest its name. Mangroves have special breathing roots called pneumatophores to absorb oxygen in waterlogged soils. They act as natural barriers against cyclones and coastal erosion. These forests support rich biodiversity, including the Royal Bengal Tiger, crocodiles, turtles, and a variety of birds. They are crucial for coastal ecosystems, fisheries, and the livelihoods of local communities.

Q6. Describe the features of montane forests in the Himalayas.
Ans: Montane forests grow in mountainous regions, varying with altitude. At lower levels, tropical deciduous forests are found. At middle altitudes (1000–2000 m), temperate forests with oak, chestnut, and pine dominate. At higher altitudes (2000–3000 m), coniferous forests with cedar, fir, and deodar appear. Beyond 3600 m, alpine grasslands and mosses dominate, supporting yaks and snow leopards. Montane forests are important for timber, tourism, and water conservation. They also act as the source of major rivers. These forests provide habitat for many rare animals and protect the fragile Himalayan ecosystem from soil erosion and landslides.

Q7. Why is India considered a megadiversity nation?
Ans: India is considered a megadiversity nation because of its wide range of climatic conditions, relief features, and ecosystems. It has tropical rainforests, deserts, mangroves, alpine vegetation, and deciduous forests. India is home to over 47,000 plant species and about 90,000 animal species. From elephants in tropical forests to snow leopards in the Himalayas, the variety of fauna is vast. Rich biodiversity also includes medicinal plants, rare herbs, and marine life. India ranks among the top 17 megadiverse countries globally. This diversity plays a vital role in maintaining ecological balance and providing resources for human life.

Q8. How does climate affect the distribution of natural vegetation in India?
Ans: Climate plays a major role in determining vegetation in India. Areas with heavy rainfall (above 200 cm) support evergreen forests, while those with moderate rainfall (100–200 cm) have deciduous forests. Arid regions with less than 70 cm rainfall support thorn forests. Coastal tidal areas sustain mangroves, while high-altitude zones support montane and alpine vegetation. Temperature, humidity, and soil type also influence vegetation types. For example, tropical evergreen forests thrive in hot and wet conditions, while coniferous forests prefer cold, high-altitude areas. Thus, India’s diverse climate is directly linked to its rich vegetation diversity.

Q9. Explain the importance of conserving natural vegetation and wildlife.
Ans: Conserving natural vegetation and wildlife is vital for maintaining ecological balance. Forests provide oxygen, regulate climate, prevent soil erosion, and support the water cycle. They also supply timber, fuelwood, medicines, and raw materials. Wildlife is equally important as it maintains the food chain, pollinates plants, and prevents ecological imbalance. Human activities like deforestation, poaching, and industrialization threaten biodiversity. Conservation ensures survival of endangered species like tigers, elephants, and rhinos. It also supports sustainable development by preserving resources for future generations. Thus, conservation is crucial for both the environment and human well-being.

Q10. Write about the measures taken by the Indian government to conserve forests and wildlife.
Ans: The Indian government has taken several measures for conservation. The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 bans hunting of endangered animals. Over 100 national parks, 500+ sanctuaries, and 18 biosphere reserves have been created. Afforestation and social forestry programs are promoted. Special projects like Project Tiger and Project Elephant aim to protect flagship species. Protected areas like Kaziranga (rhinoceros) and Gir (lion) are established. The government also runs awareness campaigns, eco-tourism programs, and collaborates with international bodies for biodiversity conservation. These steps ensure long-term protection of India’s rich flora and fauna.

Q11. Explain the types and importance of biosphere reserves in India.
Ans: Biosphere reserves are protected areas designed to conserve biodiversity along with human activities. They consist of three zones: core (strict protection), buffer (limited human activity), and transition (sustainable use). India has reserves like Nilgiri, Nanda Devi, and Sundarbans. These reserves protect ecosystems, rare plants, and endangered animals. They also allow research, tourism, and traditional human activities in harmony with nature. Biosphere reserves maintain ecological balance, preserve genetic resources, and act as centers for education and eco-tourism. They play a crucial role in long-term biodiversity conservation.

Q12. Explain the adaptations of thorny plants in desert regions.
Ans: Thorny plants like babool, acacia, and cactus adapt to desert conditions by developing features to conserve water. Their leaves are small or modified into spines to reduce transpiration. They have long tap roots to reach underground water. Their stems are fleshy and green for photosynthesis and water storage. Thick cuticles on leaves and stems reduce water loss. These adaptations help them survive in the hot, dry conditions of Rajasthan, Gujarat, and other arid areas. Thorn forests also support desert animals like camels and blackbucks, showing the close link between vegetation and wildlife.

Q13. What are the features of alpine vegetation in India?
Ans: Alpine vegetation is found in high-altitude regions above 3,600 m in the Himalayas and Ladakh. Due to low temperatures and thin air, only mosses, lichens, and alpine grasses grow. In summer, these regions have short-lived flowering plants. This vegetation provides grazing grounds for animals like yaks, sheep, and mountain goats. Alpine meadows also support rare herbs used in medicines. Wildlife includes the snow leopard and Himalayan tahr. Alpine vegetation is crucial for high-altitude communities, though fragile and sensitive to climate change.

Q14. Distinguish between moist deciduous and dry deciduous forests.
Ans: Moist deciduous forests grow in 100–200 cm rainfall areas, found in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and parts of Kerala. Common trees include teak, sal, and shisham. They are dense and green in the rainy season. Dry deciduous forests grow in 70–100 cm rainfall areas like rain-scarce Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. Trees like neem, babool, and palas dominate. They shed leaves in dry summer. Moist forests are more commercially valuable, while dry forests are crucial for fuelwood and fodder.

Q15. Describe the biodiversity of India’s wildlife with examples.
Ans: India has rich wildlife due to its varied vegetation and climate. In tropical forests, elephants, monkeys, and deer thrive. The Gir forest is home to Asiatic lions, while Kaziranga protects the one-horned rhinoceros. The Sundarbans house the Royal Bengal Tiger and estuarine crocodiles. Deserts support camels and desert foxes, while the Himalayas have snow leopards and yaks. Birds like peacocks, migratory cranes, and hornbills are widespread. Marine life includes turtles, dolphins, and fish. This biodiversity is vital for maintaining ecological balance.

Q16. How do human activities threaten natural vegetation and wildlife?
Ans: Human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, shifting cultivation, and industrialization destroy habitats. Mining and construction in forest areas disturb ecosystems. Poaching and illegal hunting reduce animal populations, pushing species like tigers and elephants towards extinction. Pollution and climate change also threaten fragile ecosystems. Expansion of agriculture and urbanization reduces forest cover. Mangrove forests are destroyed by aquaculture and human settlements. Such activities disturb the food chain, reduce biodiversity, and cause ecological imbalance, making conservation urgent.

Q17. Describe the distribution of different forest types in India.
Ans: India’s forest distribution depends on climate and relief. Evergreen forests are found in the Western Ghats, Andaman-Nicobar, and northeast. Deciduous forests dominate central India, the Himalayas’ foothills, and parts of southern states. Thorn forests are in Rajasthan, Gujarat, and rain-scarce areas. Montane forests occur in the Himalayas and Nilgiris, with alpine vegetation at higher altitudes. Mangroves grow in the deltas of rivers like the Ganga, Godavari, and Mahanadi. This distribution reflects India’s geographical diversity and supports unique wildlife in each region.

Q18. How do forests support human life?
Ans: Forests are vital for human survival. They provide timber, fuelwood, fodder, fruits, and medicinal plants. Forests regulate rainfall, recharge groundwater, and prevent soil erosion. They act as carbon sinks, absorbing CO₂ and controlling global warming. Forests provide habitats for wildlife, which in turn maintains ecological balance. Many tribal communities directly depend on forests for livelihood. Forests also support industries like paper, furniture, and pharmaceuticals. Without forests, life on Earth would be unsustainable.

Q19. What are the main causes of deforestation in India?
Ans: Deforestation in India is mainly caused by agricultural expansion, shifting cultivation, and population growth. Industrialization, mining, and urbanization also lead to large-scale cutting of trees. Infrastructure projects like dams and highways clear forests. Overgrazing, fuelwood collection, and illegal logging worsen the situation. Deforestation reduces biodiversity, causes soil erosion, floods, and climate change. Conservation and afforestation programs are needed to stop this loss.

Q20. Discuss the role of protected areas in conserving biodiversity.
Ans: Protected areas like national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves play a crucial role in conserving biodiversity. They protect endangered species from hunting and habitat destruction. For example, Gir National Park preserves Asiatic lions, and Kaziranga protects rhinos. Sundarbans conserve mangrove ecosystems. Biosphere reserves like Nilgiri ensure coexistence of humans and nature. These areas promote eco-tourism, research, and awareness. Protected areas act as safe havens for flora and fauna, ensuring ecological balance and sustainable development.

Part E – Case Based QAs

Case Study 1: Tropical Evergreen Forests in the Western Ghats

The Western Ghats in India receive heavy rainfall of over 200 cm annually, which supports dense tropical evergreen forests. These forests remain green throughout the year, with tall trees like ebony, mahogany, and rosewood. The forests are multi-layered and home to diverse wildlife such as elephants, tigers, and monkeys. However, due to inaccessibility and dense growth, commercial exploitation of these forests is limited. Yet, they play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance by absorbing carbon dioxide and regulating rainfall.

Q1. Why do evergreen forests remain green throughout the year?
Ans: Evergreen forests remain green because they receive heavy rainfall and do not have a dry season when leaves shed.

Q2. Name two trees and two animals found in these forests.
Ans: Trees – Ebony, mahogany; Animals – Elephants, tigers.

Q3. Why is commercial exploitation difficult in these forests?
Ans: The dense growth, high rainfall, and difficult terrain make exploitation and transportation challenging.

Q4. State one ecological importance of evergreen forests.
Ans: They absorb carbon dioxide, regulate rainfall, and maintain ecological balance.

Case Study 2: Tropical Deciduous Forests of Central India

Tropical deciduous forests, also called monsoon forests, are the most widespread in India. They are found in states like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha. These forests receive 100–200 cm rainfall and shed leaves in summer for about 6–8 weeks. They are commercially valuable as they provide timber such as teak, sal, and sandalwood. They also support wildlife such as deer, elephants, and tigers. Since they are more open and less dense than evergreen forests, exploitation and human use are easier, which also makes them vulnerable to deforestation.

Q1. Why are these forests called monsoon forests?
Ans: Because they shed leaves in summer and regrow with the arrival of monsoon rains.

Q2. Name two commercially valuable trees from these forests.
Ans: Teak and sal.

Q3. Mention one wildlife species found here.
Ans: Deer or elephant.

Q4. Why are these forests more vulnerable to deforestation?
Ans: They are open and easily accessible for human use like timber and agriculture.

Case Study 3: Thorn Forests of Rajasthan

In the arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Haryana, thorn forests are common. These regions receive less than 70 cm rainfall annually. Vegetation consists of thorny bushes, acacia, babool, and khejri trees. The plants have long roots and thick leaves to adapt to the dry climate. These forests provide fuelwood, fodder, and small timber to local people. They are home to animals like camels, blackbucks, and desert foxes. Human dependency on these forests is very high, which has led to overgrazing and desertification in many areas.

Q1. Why do thorn forests have long roots and small leaves?
Ans: To adapt to arid conditions by conserving water.

Q2. Name two trees and two animals found in thorn forests.
Ans: Trees – Acacia, khejri; Animals – Camel, blackbuck.

Q3. Mention one use of thorn forests for humans.
Ans: They provide fodder, fuelwood, and small timber.

Q4. State one environmental problem caused by overuse of these forests.
Ans: Overgrazing leads to desertification.

Case Study 4: Mangrove Forests in the Sundarbans

The Sundarbans in West Bengal are the world’s largest mangrove forests, growing in the delta of the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers. These forests grow in saline, tidal waters, where roots adapt to waterlogged soil by developing breathing roots (pneumatophores). The dominant tree is the Sundari, from which the forest gets its name. Mangroves protect coasts from erosion and cyclones. The Sundarbans are also home to the famous Royal Bengal Tiger, estuarine crocodiles, and numerous bird species. However, rapid human activities and climate change pose a threat to this fragile ecosystem.

Q1. Why are mangrove forests important for coastal areas?
Ans: They protect coasts from erosion and cyclones.

Q2. Which tree dominates the Sundarbans?
Ans: Sundari tree.

Q3. Name one animal species found here.
Ans: Royal Bengal Tiger.

Q4. What is one major threat to mangrove forests?
Ans: Human activities and climate change.

Case Study 5: Montane Forests in the Himalayas

The Himalayas have montane forests, which change with altitude. At the foothills, tropical deciduous forests are found. In higher altitudes, temperate forests with oak, chestnut, and pine grow. Above 2000 meters, coniferous trees like deodar, fir, and cedar dominate. Beyond 3600 meters, alpine vegetation with mosses and lichens appears. These forests are home to animals like snow leopards, yaks, and Himalayan tahr. They are vital for tourism, timber, and water sources. However, deforestation and climate change are threatening the delicate Himalayan ecosystem.

Q1. How does vegetation in the Himalayas change with altitude?
Ans: Deciduous at foothills, temperate at mid-levels, coniferous higher up, and alpine at the top.

Q2. Name two trees found in temperate forests.
Ans: Oak and chestnut.

Q3. Mention one animal of alpine regions.
Ans: Yak or snow leopard.

Q4. State one threat to Himalayan forests.
Ans: Deforestation and climate change.

Case Study 6: India as a Megadiversity Nation

India is one of the 17 megadiverse countries in the world, with about 47,000 plant species and 90,000 animal species. From tropical forests in Kerala to alpine meadows in Ladakh, India’s varied climate and relief provide different habitats. The Gir forest is home to Asiatic lions, Kaziranga to the one-horned rhinoceros, and the Sundarbans to the Royal Bengal Tiger. This diversity supports ecological balance and sustains millions of people. However, overexploitation and deforestation pose serious threats to India’s biodiversity.

Q1. Why is India called a megadiversity nation?
Ans: Because it has a wide variety of flora and fauna due to varied climate and relief.

Q2. Name two endangered species in India.
Ans: Asiatic lion and one-horned rhinoceros.

Q3. Which national park protects the rhinoceros?
Ans: Kaziranga National Park.

Q4. Mention one major threat to biodiversity.
Ans: Deforestation and overexploitation.

Case Study 7: Wildlife Conservation in India

Wildlife in India is under threat due to hunting, habitat destruction, and deforestation. To protect biodiversity, India has implemented several conservation measures. The Wildlife Protection Act (1972) bans hunting of endangered species. India has 100+ national parks and 500+ sanctuaries. Projects like Project Tiger and Project Elephant protect flagship species. Biosphere reserves like Nilgiri and Nanda Devi conserve both flora and fauna. Still, poaching and habitat destruction remain challenges.

Q1. What is the aim of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972?
Ans: To protect endangered species by banning hunting and conserving habitats.

Q2. Name two conservation projects in India.
Ans: Project Tiger and Project Elephant.

Q3. Mention one example of a biosphere reserve.
Ans: Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.

Q4. State one threat to wildlife despite conservation efforts.
Ans: Poaching and habitat destruction.

Case Study 8: Thorny Plant Adaptations in Deserts

Thorn forests of Rajasthan and Gujarat have unique adaptations to survive in less than 70 cm rainfall. Plants like babool, acacia, and cactus have small leaves or spines to reduce water loss. Their roots are long to tap underground water. Their stems are fleshy to store water. These adaptations allow them to survive in high temperatures and arid conditions. Desert animals like camels and blackbucks depend on this vegetation.

Q1. Why do desert plants have spines instead of leaves?
Ans: To reduce water loss through transpiration.

Q2. How do roots help thorny plants survive?
Ans: They are long to reach underground water.

Q3. Give one example of a thorn forest tree.
Ans: Babool or acacia.

Q4. Name one animal dependent on thorn vegetation.
Ans: Camel or blackbuck.

Case Study 9: Alpine Vegetation in Ladakh

The Ladakh region has extreme cold and low rainfall, supporting alpine vegetation. Only mosses, lichens, and grasses grow at very high altitudes. During the short summer, wildflowers bloom. This vegetation supports animals like yaks, sheep, and snow leopards. People depend on yak for milk, wool, and transport. Climate change is threatening alpine ecosystems by reducing glaciers and altering vegetation patterns.

Q1. What type of vegetation grows in Ladakh?
Ans: Alpine vegetation like mosses, lichens, and grasses.

Q2. Name two animals found here.
Ans: Yak and snow leopard.

Q3. How are yaks useful to humans?
Ans: Provide milk, wool, and transport.

Q4. State one threat to alpine vegetation.
Ans: Climate change and melting glaciers.

Case Study 10: Human Impact on Natural Vegetation

Human activities such as deforestation, shifting cultivation, mining, and industrialization have reduced India’s forest cover. Expansion of agriculture and urbanization has destroyed habitats, leading to loss of biodiversity. Mangrove forests have been cut for settlements and aquaculture, while Himalayan forests face logging and tourism pressure. This imbalance causes soil erosion, floods, and climate change. Conservation through afforestation, laws, and protected areas is urgently needed.

Q1. Mention two human activities that destroy forests.
Ans: Deforestation and mining.

Q2. How has urbanization affected vegetation?
Ans: It has reduced forest cover and destroyed habitats.

Q3. Give one example of an ecosystem under human threat.
Ans: Mangrove forests in Sundarbans.

Q4. Suggest one step for conservation.
Ans: Afforestation and creation of protected areas.