Part A – Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Q1. Which of the following is the oldest landmass of India?
(a) Himalayas
(b) Indo-Gangetic Plain
(c) Peninsular Plateau
(d) Coastal Plains
Answer: (c) Peninsular Plateau
Q2. The Himalayas were formed due to the collision of:
(a) African Plate and Eurasian Plate
(b) Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate
(c) Pacific Plate and Eurasian Plate
(d) American Plate and African Plate
Answer: (b) Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate
Q3. Which division of the Himalayas lies between the Indus and Satluj rivers?
(a) Himadri
(b) Himachal
(c) Punjab Himalayas
(d) Kumaon Himalayas
Answer: (c) Punjab Himalayas
Q4. The highest peak in India is:
(a) Kanchenjunga
(b) Nanda Devi
(c) Mount Everest
(d) Karakoram (K2/Godwin Austen)
Answer: (d) Karakoram (K2/Godwin Austen)
Q5. The Northern Plains are formed of which soil?
(a) Alluvial Soil
(b) Black Soil
(c) Red Soil
(d) Laterite Soil
Answer: (a) Alluvial Soil
Q6. Which part of the Northern Plains is prone to floods?
(a) Bhabar
(b) Tarai
(c) Khadar
(d) Bangar
Answer: (b) Tarai
Q7. The Deccan Plateau is made up of:
(a) Igneous rocks
(b) Alluvial deposits
(c) Limestone
(d) Sedimentary rocks
Answer: (a) Igneous rocks
Q8. The Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats meet at:
(a) Kanyakumari
(b) Nilgiri Hills
(c) Aravallis
(d) Satpura Hills
Answer: (b) Nilgiri Hills
Q9. Which of the following is not a division of the Himalayas?
(a) Himadri
(b) Himachal
(c) Shiwaliks
(d) Vindhyas
Answer: (d) Vindhyas
Q10. Which island group is volcanic in origin?
(a) Lakshadweep
(b) Andaman & Nicobar
(c) Maldives
(d) Sri Lanka
Answer: (b) Andaman & Nicobar
Q11. Which river is known as the “Sorrow of Bihar”?
(a) Ganga
(b) Yamuna
(c) Kosi
(d) Brahmaputra
Answer: (c) Kosi
Q12. Which plateau is known as the mineral-rich region of India?
(a) Malwa Plateau
(b) Chotanagpur Plateau
(c) Deccan Plateau
(d) Meghalaya Plateau
Answer: (b) Chotanagpur Plateau
Q13. The Aravalli hills are an example of:
(a) New fold mountains
(b) Block mountains
(c) Residual mountains
(d) Volcanic mountains
Answer: (c) Residual mountains
Q14. The Western Ghats are also known as:
(a) Sahyadris
(b) Nilgiris
(c) Satpuras
(d) Vindhyas
Answer: (a) Sahyadris
Q15. The Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia hills are located in:
(a) Arunachal Pradesh
(b) Meghalaya
(c) Nagaland
(d) Tripura
Answer: (b) Meghalaya
Q16. Which physical division is called the “roof of the world”?
(a) Peninsular Plateau
(b) Northern Mountains
(c) Himadri (Trans Himalayas)
(d) Tibetan Plateau
Answer: (d) Tibetan Plateau
Q17. The Northern Plains are divided into three sections:
(a) Punjab Plains, Ganga Plains, Brahmaputra Plains
(b) Deccan Plateau, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats
(c) Bhabar, Tarai, Khadar
(d) Himadri, Himachal, Shiwaliks
Answer: (a) Punjab Plains, Ganga Plains, Brahmaputra Plains
Q18. Which is the largest delta in the world?
(a) Mahanadi Delta
(b) Krishna Delta
(c) Sunderban Delta
(d) Godavari Delta
Answer: (c) Sunderban Delta
Q19. Which physical feature of India is rich in biodiversity and forests?
(a) Coastal Plains
(b) Islands
(c) Himalayas
(d) Plateau Region
Answer: (c) Himalayas
Q20. Which division of the Himalayas is also known as the ‘Greater Himalayas’?
(a) Himadri
(b) Himachal
(c) Shiwaliks
(d) Karakoram
Answer: (a) Himadri
Part B – Assertion and Reason Questions
Instructions: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose:
- (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
- (b) Both A and R are true, but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
- (c) A is true, R is false
- (d) A is false, R is true
Q1. Assertion (A): The Himalayas were formed by the collision of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates.
Reason (R): They are fold mountains of recent origin.
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q2. Assertion (A): The Northern Plains are highly fertile.
Reason (R): They are made up of alluvial deposits brought by rivers.
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q3. Assertion (A): Himadri is the northernmost range of the Himalayas.
Reason (R): It contains some of the highest peaks like Mount Everest.
Answer: A is true but R is false.
Q4. Assertion (A): The Shiwaliks are prone to landslides.
Reason (R): They are made up of unconsolidated sediments.
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q5. Assertion (A): The Bhabar region is marshy and wet.
Reason (R): Rivers deposit pebbles and disappear underground here.
Answer: A is false, but R is true.
Q6. Assertion (A): The Chotanagpur Plateau is rich in minerals.
Reason (R): It is made up of igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q7. Assertion (A): The Western Ghats are higher than the Eastern Ghats.
Reason (R): The Western Ghats are continuous and block the monsoon winds.
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q8. Assertion (A): The Aravallis are fold mountains.
Reason (R): They are among the oldest mountain ranges in the world.
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q9. Assertion (A): The Indo-Gangetic Plain is one of the most densely populated regions of the world.
Reason (R): Its fertile soil supports intensive agriculture.
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q10. Assertion (A): The Deccan Plateau is triangular in shape.
Reason (R): It is surrounded by Ghats on both sides.
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q11. Assertion (A): The Khasi Hills are located in Rajasthan.
Reason (R): They are part of the Peninsular Plateau.
Answer: Both A and R are false.
Q12. Assertion (A): The Northern Plains are formed by rivers like Ganga, Indus, and Brahmaputra.
Reason (R): These rivers deposit alluvium over a long period of time.
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q13. Assertion (A): The Himachal range is also known as the Lesser Himalayas.
Reason (R): It has famous hill stations like Shimla and Mussoorie.
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q14. Assertion (A): The Lakshadweep Islands are of volcanic origin.
Reason (R): They are formed by coral deposits.
Answer: A is false, but R is true.
Q15. Assertion (A): The Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta is the world’s largest delta.
Reason (R): It is formed by the deposition of silt carried by these rivers.
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q16. Assertion (A): The Peninsular Plateau has an uneven surface.
Reason (R): It consists of old crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q17. Assertion (A): Himadri is the youngest range of the Himalayas.
Reason (R): It contains the highest peaks of the world.
Answer: A is false, but R is true.
Q18. Assertion (A): The Tarai region is highly fertile.
Reason (R): Rivers re-emerge on the surface and deposit fine sediments.
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q19. Assertion (A): The Western Coastal Plains are broader than the Eastern Coastal Plains.
Reason (R): They are formed by the deposition of rivers like Mahanadi and Godavari.
Answer: Both A and R are false.
Q20. Assertion (A): The Northern Mountains influence India’s climate.
Reason (R): They prevent cold winds from Central Asia and cause monsoon rains.
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Part C – Very Short Answer
Q1. Name the six major physical divisions of India.
Answer: India can be divided into six major physical divisions: (1) The Himalayan Mountains, (2) The Northern Plains, (3) The Peninsular Plateau, (4) The Indian Desert, (5) The Coastal Plains, and (6) The Islands.
Q2. What are the three parallel ranges of the Himalayas?
Answer: The three parallel ranges of the Himalayas are Himadri (Greater Himalayas), Himachal (Lesser Himalayas), and Shiwaliks (Outer Himalayas). Each has distinct features like snow-covered peaks, valleys, and foothills.
Q3. Why are the Himalayas important to India?
Answer: The Himalayas protect India from cold winds, act as a climatic barrier, provide perennial rivers, fertile soil, and forests, and are rich in biodiversity. They also provide natural defense against invasions.
Q4. Define the Northern Plains of India.
Answer: The Northern Plains are formed by the alluvial deposits of the rivers Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra. They are highly fertile, flat, and densely populated, supporting extensive agriculture and human settlement.
Q5. What are Bhabar and Tarai?
Answer: Bhabar is a narrow belt of coarse pebbles along the foothills of the Himalayas where rivers disappear underground. Tarai lies south of Bhabar, marshy and wet, where rivers re-emerge, making it fertile and forested.
Q6. Explain Khadar and Bangar.
Answer: Khadar refers to new alluvial soil deposited annually by floods, fertile and good for agriculture. Bangar is old alluvial soil, less fertile, often with calcareous deposits called kankar. Both form parts of the Northern Plains.
Q7. Name the three sections of the Northern Plains.
Answer: The Northern Plains are divided into three sections: Punjab Plains in the west (Indus system), Ganga Plains in the middle, and Brahmaputra Plains in the east, all highly fertile and agriculturally productive.
Q8. What is the significance of the Peninsular Plateau?
Answer: The Peninsular Plateau is the oldest landmass of India, rich in minerals and resources. It has two parts—Central Highlands and Deccan Plateau—and plays a vital role in agriculture, industry, and economic activities.
Q9. Differentiate between the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats.
Answer: The Western Ghats are higher, continuous, and intercept monsoon winds, causing heavy rainfall. The Eastern Ghats are lower, discontinuous, and dissected by rivers. Both form the boundaries of the Deccan Plateau.
Q10. Write a note on the Indian Desert.
Answer: The Indian Desert lies in western Rajasthan, characterized by arid climate, sandy soil, extreme temperatures, and very low rainfall. Vegetation is sparse, and rivers are seasonal, but it has rich potential for solar and wind energy.
Q11. Describe the Coastal Plains of India.
Answer: India has two coastal plains: the Western Coastal Plain (narrow, rocky, with lagoons and estuaries) and the Eastern Coastal Plain (wider, with deltas formed by rivers like Godavari, Krishna, and Mahanadi). Both support trade and agriculture.
Q12. Mention features of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Answer: Located in the Bay of Bengal, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are volcanic in origin, forested, and strategically important. They are rich in biodiversity and have great potential for tourism and fishing industries.
Q13. Write a short note on the Lakshadweep Islands.
Answer: Lakshadweep Islands lie in the Arabian Sea. They are of coral origin, small in size, and known for lagoons, reefs, and scenic beauty. Fishing and coconut cultivation are important activities here.
Q14. What is the significance of the Himalayas for rivers?
Answer: The Himalayas are the source of perennial rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, and Brahmaputra. They provide fertile alluvial soil, irrigation, hydroelectricity, transportation, and water supply for millions of people in India.
Q15. Explain why the Northern Plains are densely populated.
Answer: The Northern Plains are flat, fertile, and well-watered by perennial rivers. They provide ideal conditions for agriculture, transport, and settlements. Hence, they are one of the most densely populated regions of the world.
Q16. What is the significance of the Chotanagpur Plateau?
Answer: The Chotanagpur Plateau, part of the Peninsular Plateau, is rich in minerals like coal, iron, and mica. It has made the region a hub of mining and heavy industries, supporting India’s industrial growth.
Q17. Which mountain ranges act as climatic barriers in India?
Answer: The Himalayas act as a climatic barrier by blocking cold winds from Central Asia and forcing monsoon winds to shed rainfall in India, thus playing a major role in determining India’s climate.
Q18. What are the main features of the Shiwalik range?
Answer: The Shiwaliks are the outermost Himalayas, made up of unconsolidated sediments. They have narrow valleys called duns and are prone to earthquakes and landslides due to weak geological structure.
Q19. What is the significance of the coastal plains?
Answer: The coastal plains of India support agriculture, trade, tourism, and fishing. The Eastern Coastal Plains are famous for fertile deltas, while the Western Coastal Plains are known for ports, lagoons, and backwaters.
Q20. Why is India called a land of diverse physical features?
Answer: India has diverse physical features like the Himalayas, fertile plains, deserts, plateaus, coastal plains, and islands. Each region has unique climate, vegetation, soil, and resources, making India a land of diversity.
Part D – Short Answer
Q1. Describe the formation of the Himalayas.
Answer: The Himalayas were formed by the collision of the Indo-Australian Plate with the Eurasian Plate about 40–50 million years ago. These fold mountains are geologically young and structurally unstable. They continue to rise slowly even today due to tectonic activity, resulting in earthquakes and land uplift in the Himalayan region.
Q2. What are the main divisions of the Himalayas?
Answer: The Himalayas are divided into three parallel ranges: Himadri (Greater Himalayas), which has the highest peaks like Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga; Himachal (Lesser Himalayas), which includes hill stations; and Shiwaliks (Outer Himalayas), consisting of young, unconsolidated sediments and valleys known as duns.
Q3. Why are the Northern Plains agriculturally significant?
Answer: The Northern Plains are agriculturally significant due to their fertile alluvial soil, flat surface, and adequate water supply from perennial rivers like the Ganga, Yamuna, and Brahmaputra. The presence of new alluvium (khadar) makes them highly productive, supporting dense populations and intensive agriculture.
Q4. Explain the physiographic divisions of the Northern Plains.
Answer: The Northern Plains are divided into three regions: Punjab Plains in the west (Indus system), Ganga Plains in the middle, and Brahmaputra Plains in the east. Together, they form an extensive flat area suitable for agriculture, settlements, irrigation, and transport facilities, supporting millions of people.
Q5. What is the difference between Bhabar and Tarai?
Answer: The Bhabar is a narrow belt along the foothills of the Himalayas where rivers deposit pebbles, causing them to disappear underground. South of it lies the Tarai, a marshy and wet belt where rivers re-emerge, making it fertile, forested, and agriculturally productive.
Q6. Explain the difference between Khadar and Bangar soils.
Answer: Khadar is the new alluvium deposited by annual floods; it is fine-textured, rich in nutrients, and very fertile. Bangar is old alluvium, less fertile, often with calcareous kankar deposits. Both are found in the Northern Plains, supporting agriculture.
Q7. What is the significance of the Peninsular Plateau?
Answer: The Peninsular Plateau is the oldest landmass of India, formed by igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is divided into the Central Highlands and Deccan Plateau. Rich in minerals, it supports mining, industries, and agriculture. It also contains hill ranges like Aravallis, Vindhyas, and Satpuras.
Q8. Compare the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats.
Answer: The Western Ghats are higher (900–1600 m), continuous, and intercept the southwest monsoon, causing heavy rainfall. The Eastern Ghats are lower, discontinuous, and dissected by rivers. The Western Ghats rise steeply from the west, while the Eastern Ghats slope gently towards the Bay of Bengal.
Q9. Describe the features of the Indian Desert.
Answer: The Indian Desert, also known as the Thar Desert, lies in western Rajasthan. It has arid climate, sandy soil, scanty vegetation, and receives less than 150 mm rainfall annually. The Luni is the only significant river. The desert is now being developed through irrigation.
Q10. What are the characteristics of the Coastal Plains of India?
Answer: The Western Coastal Plain is narrow, rocky, with lagoons and estuaries. The Eastern Coastal Plain is wider, with fertile deltas of rivers like Krishna, Godavari, and Mahanadi. Both plains are agriculturally productive and important for trade, fishing, and ports.
Q11. Write a note on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Answer: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located in the Bay of Bengal. Volcanic in origin, they are covered with dense forests and rich in biodiversity. They are strategically important for India’s defense and support tourism, fishing, and coconut cultivation.
Q12. Write a note on the Lakshadweep Islands.
Answer: The Lakshadweep Islands lie in the Arabian Sea and are of coral origin. They consist of atolls, reefs, and lagoons. Their economy is based on fishing, coconut cultivation, and tourism. These islands are smaller than the Andaman and Nicobar group.
Q13. Why are the Himalayas called the “water towers of India”?
Answer: The Himalayas are called the “water towers of India” because they are the source of perennial rivers such as the Ganga, Yamuna, and Brahmaputra. These rivers provide irrigation, fertile alluvial soil, drinking water, hydroelectricity, and sustain millions of people.
Q14. Why is the Northern Plain densely populated?
Answer: The Northern Plains are flat, fertile, and well-irrigated by perennial rivers. The fertile alluvial soil supports agriculture, while the level land is suitable for transport and settlement. These factors make the plains one of the most densely populated regions of the world.
Q15. Describe the significance of the Chotanagpur Plateau.
Answer: The Chotanagpur Plateau is rich in minerals like coal, iron ore, mica, and bauxite, making it the mining heart of India. It has dense forests, rivers, and waterfalls, which also provide hydroelectricity. This plateau supports India’s industrial growth significantly.
Q16. Mention the role of Himalayas in influencing India’s climate.
Answer: The Himalayas act as a barrier against cold winds from Central Asia, protecting northern India from extreme cold. They also intercept the southwest monsoon winds, causing heavy rainfall, and thus play a crucial role in determining India’s climate.
Q17. What are the features of the Himachal range?
Answer: The Himachal or Lesser Himalayas lie south of Himadri. They consist of highly folded rocks and famous hill stations like Shimla, Mussoorie, and Nainital. This range is well-known for valleys such as Kangra and Kullu, important for tourism and agriculture.
Q18. What are duns in the Shiwaliks?
Answer: Duns are narrow longitudinal valleys found between the Shiwalik range and Himachal range. They are formed due to the folding of sediments. Dehradun, Kotli Dun, and Patli Dun are famous examples. These valleys are fertile and agriculturally significant.
Q19. What is the economic importance of the coastal plains?
Answer: The coastal plains provide fertile soil for agriculture, fishing resources, and are dotted with major ports that facilitate international trade. The backwaters of Kerala and deltas of the eastern coast add to their economic importance through tourism and farming.
Q20. Why is India called a land of diverse physical features?
Answer: India is called a land of diverse physical features because it has mountains, plains, plateaus, deserts, coastal plains, and islands. Each division has different soil, climate, vegetation, and resources, supporting varied lifestyles, agriculture, and industries across the country.
Part E – Long Answer
Q1. Describe the major physical divisions of India.
Answer: India is marked by physical diversity. It is divided into six major divisions: (1) The Himalayas, young fold mountains forming a natural barrier in the north; (2) The Northern Plains, fertile flatlands formed by rivers like the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra; (3) The Peninsular Plateau, the oldest landmass rich in minerals; (4) The Indian Desert, an arid region in Rajasthan; (5) The Coastal Plains, narrow strips along the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal; and (6) The Islands, including the Andaman-Nicobar and Lakshadweep groups. Each division has distinct landforms, soil, climate, and resources, making India a land of varied physical features.
Q2. Explain the formation and importance of the Himalayas.
Answer: The Himalayas were formed about 40–50 million years ago by the collision of the Indo-Australian Plate with the Eurasian Plate. They are geologically young, fold mountains with high peaks like Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga. The Himalayas are important because they protect India from cold winds from Central Asia, intercept monsoon winds to cause rainfall, and are the source of perennial rivers like the Ganga and Brahmaputra. They are also rich in biodiversity, forests, and medicinal plants. Economically, they provide hydroelectricity, fertile soil, and support tourism. Culturally, they are home to important pilgrimage centers. Thus, they are vital to India’s environment, economy, and culture.
Q3. Describe the three parallel ranges of the Himalayas.
Answer: The Himalayas consist of three parallel ranges. The Himadri or Greater Himalayas, the northernmost, have an average height of 6,000 meters and include the highest peaks like Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga. They are permanently snow-covered and the source of perennial rivers. The Himachal or Lesser Himalayas, lying south of Himadri, are known for valleys like Kashmir and Kangra, and hill stations like Shimla and Mussoorie. They are rich in orchards and pastures. The Shiwaliks or Outer Himalayas are the youngest, made of unconsolidated sediments. They contain narrow valleys called duns, such as Dehradun. Together, these ranges play an important role in India’s geography, climate, and human life.
Q4. Discuss the importance of the Northern Plains of India.
Answer: The Northern Plains of India, formed by alluvial deposits of the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra rivers, are highly fertile and agriculturally significant. They are flat and suitable for irrigation, cultivation, and dense settlements. Crops like wheat, rice, sugarcane, and pulses are extensively grown. The plains support one of the densest populations in the world due to abundant resources, good transportation, and urban centers. They are divided into three parts: Punjab Plains (Indus system), Ganga Plains, and Brahmaputra Plains. The presence of khadar (new alluvium) ensures high productivity. Moreover, rivers provide hydroelectricity, inland navigation, and drinking water. Hence, the Northern Plains are the economic and cultural heartland of India.
Q5. Explain the regional divisions of the Northern Plains.
Answer: The Northern Plains are divided into three major regions. The western part, the Punjab Plains, is drained by the Indus and its tributaries. It has fertile alluvium and supports crops like wheat and cotton. The central part, the Ganga Plains, is drained by the Ganga and its tributaries like Yamuna, Ghaghara, and Gandak. It is the most densely populated and agriculturally productive region, supporting rice and wheat cultivation. The eastern part, the Brahmaputra Plains, lies mainly in Assam. It is known for heavy rainfall, lush green fields, and tea plantations. These divisions together make the plains agriculturally rich, densely populated, and vital for India’s economy and culture.
Q6. What are the features of Bhabar, Tarai, Khadar, and Bangar?
Answer: The Bhabar is a narrow belt of pebbles and rocks along the foothills of the Himalayas where rivers disappear underground. South of Bhabar lies the Tarai, a marshy and wet belt where rivers re-emerge, making it fertile and forested. Khadar refers to new alluvium deposited by rivers every year, which is highly fertile and supports intensive agriculture. Bangar refers to old alluvium that is less fertile and contains calcareous deposits called kankar. Together, these landforms make the Northern Plains varied and agriculturally productive, supporting diverse crops and dense settlements across northern India.
Q7. Describe the Peninsular Plateau and its importance.
Answer: The Peninsular Plateau is the oldest landmass of India, formed from igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is divided into the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau. The Central Highlands include the Malwa Plateau and Chotanagpur Plateau, which is rich in minerals like coal and iron. The Deccan Plateau is triangular, bounded by the Western and Eastern Ghats. The plateau is the storehouse of minerals and natural resources, supporting mining and industries. Rivers like Narmada, Tapti, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri flow through it. It is also known for black soil, which is ideal for cotton cultivation. The plateau is vital for India’s agriculture, industries, and hydropower.
Q8. Differentiate between the Eastern and Western Ghats.
Answer: The Western Ghats run parallel to the western coast and are continuous, with an average height of 900–1600 meters. They are steep on the west and gently slope eastward, intercepting monsoon winds and causing heavy rainfall. They are biodiversity hotspots and home to rivers like Godavari and Krishna. The Eastern Ghats, on the other hand, are lower, discontinuous, and dissected by rivers flowing into the Bay of Bengal. Their average height is 600 meters. They are important for agriculture as they contain fertile deltas like the Krishna, Godavari, and Mahanadi deltas. Both ghats enclose the Deccan Plateau and are important physiographic divisions of India.
Q9. Write a detailed note on the Indian Desert.
Answer: The Indian Desert, also called the Thar Desert, lies in western Rajasthan. It is characterized by arid climate, sandy soil, high diurnal range of temperature, and very low rainfall (less than 150 mm annually). Vegetation is sparse, with thorny bushes dominating. The Luni is the only large river, while others are seasonal. The desert is prone to dust storms and water scarcity. However, it has great potential for solar and wind energy. With the Indira Gandhi Canal, agriculture is now possible in parts of the desert. Livestock rearing is also common. The desert, despite its harsh conditions, is an important part of India’s physical and cultural landscape.
Q10. Describe the features of the Coastal Plains of India.
Answer: India has two coastal plains. The Western Coastal Plain is narrow, between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea, and divided into Konkan Coast, Kannad Plain, and Malabar Coast. It has lagoons, estuaries, and backwaters, supporting fishing and trade. The Eastern Coastal Plain lies between the Eastern Ghats and Bay of Bengal. It is broader and divided into Northern Circars and Coromandel Coast. It is known for fertile deltas formed by rivers like Godavari, Krishna, and Mahanadi. These plains support rice cultivation, fishing, trade, and dense population. Together, they are crucial for agriculture, industry, tourism, and international trade.
Q11. Explain the importance of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Answer: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands lie in the Bay of Bengal. They are volcanic in origin, covered with dense forests, and rich in biodiversity. Strategically located, they serve as a defense outpost for India, controlling key sea routes. These islands support fishing, coconut cultivation, and tourism. They also provide unique flora and fauna, adding to India’s biodiversity. With their rich cultural diversity, tribal population, and natural beauty, they hold both ecological and economic importance. The islands are also a source of maritime resources and are vital for India’s trade and defense.
Q12. Explain the importance of the Lakshadweep Islands.
Answer: The Lakshadweep Islands, located in the Arabian Sea, are small and of coral origin. They consist of atolls, reefs, and lagoons. Fishing, coconut cultivation, and coir industry are major occupations. They are rich in marine biodiversity and hold great potential for tourism. These islands are also strategically important for India’s naval defense. Despite being small in size, they play a significant role in India’s maritime activities and trade. Their unique coral structure makes them ecologically fragile, requiring conservation. Hence, the Lakshadweep Islands are vital for economic, ecological, and strategic reasons.
Q13. Why are the Himalayas called the “water towers of India”?
Answer: The Himalayas are called the “water towers of India” because they are the source of perennial rivers such as the Ganga, Yamuna, and Brahmaputra. These rivers originate from glaciers and provide water throughout the year. They supply irrigation, drinking water, and hydroelectricity, and enrich the soil with alluvium. These rivers support agriculture, settlements, industries, and transport in the Northern Plains. The Himalayas also ensure that India has one of the largest river systems in the world. Without them, India’s agriculture, economy, and population would suffer greatly. Thus, their role as a “water tower” is crucial for India’s sustenance and growth.
Q14. Discuss the population density of the Northern Plains.
Answer: The Northern Plains are one of the most densely populated regions in the world. This is because they are flat, fertile, and well-watered by perennial rivers like the Ganga and Yamuna. The soil is rich alluvium, suitable for crops like wheat, rice, sugarcane, and pulses. The plains also provide easy transport, urban centers, and industrial growth. Due to these factors, the region has attracted settlers for centuries and now supports millions of people. The Northern Plains are often called the “food bowl of India” due to their agricultural productivity. Their economic and cultural importance makes them central to India’s development.
Q15. Write about the significance of the Chotanagpur Plateau.
Answer: The Chotanagpur Plateau, located in Jharkhand, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh, is one of the richest mineral belts in India. It contains coal, iron ore, mica, and bauxite, making it a hub of mining and heavy industries like steel and thermal power. It has rivers like Damodar and Subarnarekha, which provide hydroelectricity. The plateau also has dense forests, waterfalls, and tribal populations. Economically, it is the backbone of India’s industrial growth, while ecologically, it is rich in biodiversity. The plateau’s resources make it crucial for India’s development.
Q16. Explain the role of the Himalayas in influencing India’s climate.
Answer: The Himalayas play a key role in shaping India’s climate. They block the cold winds from Central Asia, keeping northern India warmer during winters. They also intercept the moisture-laden monsoon winds, causing heavy rainfall in northern and northeastern India. Without the Himalayas, monsoon winds would pass into Central Asia, leaving India dry. They also create rain shadow regions, like Ladakh, influencing local climates. The glaciers of the Himalayas act as water reservoirs, ensuring perennial rivers. Thus, the Himalayas act as a climatic barrier and a source of water, making them vital for India’s agriculture, biodiversity, and overall climate system.
Q17. Write about the Himachal or Lesser Himalayas.
Answer: The Himachal or Lesser Himalayas lie south of Himadri, with an average height of 3,500–4,500 meters. They consist of highly compressed and folded rocks. The range includes famous valleys like Kashmir, Kangra, and Kullu. Hill stations like Shimla, Mussoorie, and Nainital are located here, attracting tourists throughout the year. The range supports orchards, agriculture, and grazing grounds. It also contains important pilgrimage sites. The Himachal range acts as a transition between the high Himadri and low Shiwaliks, playing an important role in India’s geography, economy, and culture.
Q18. Describe the Shiwalik range and its significance.
Answer: The Shiwalik range is the outermost range of the Himalayas, with a height of 900–1100 meters. It is composed of unconsolidated sediments brought down by rivers from the Himalayas. This makes the range geologically unstable and prone to earthquakes and landslides. Between the Shiwaliks and Himachal range lie narrow valleys called duns, such as Dehradun and Kotli Dun. These valleys are fertile and agriculturally significant. The Shiwaliks are also covered with forests, supporting biodiversity. Although they are young and fragile, they are important for agriculture, settlements, and forests in northern India.
Q19. Explain the economic importance of the coastal plains of India.
Answer: The coastal plains of India are economically significant. The Eastern Coastal Plains, with fertile deltas of rivers like Krishna, Godavari, and Mahanadi, support rice cultivation. The Western Coastal Plains, though narrow, are important for ports like Mumbai, Kochi, and Mangalore. Both coasts support fishing, trade, and tourism. The backwaters of Kerala attract tourists and aid inland navigation. The coasts also have mineral resources like monazite. Together, the coastal plains contribute to agriculture, industries, international trade, and tourism, making them vital for India’s economy.
Q20. Why is India called a land of diverse physical features?
Answer: India is called a land of diverse physical features because it has almost all major landforms. In the north, the Himalayas provide mountains, glaciers, and perennial rivers. The Northern Plains are fertile and densely populated. The Peninsular Plateau is mineral-rich and agriculturally significant. The Thar Desert is arid, while the coastal plains are fertile and trade-oriented. The Andaman-Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands represent island ecosystems. This diversity influences India’s climate, vegetation, agriculture, industries, and human life. Hence, India’s geography reflects great diversity in landforms, resources, and human settlements, making it unique among nations.
Part E – Case Based QAs
Case Study 1: The Himalayas
The Himalayas are the world’s youngest and highest fold mountains, stretching across the northern boundary of India. They consist of three main ranges: the Himadri (Greater Himalaya), which is permanently snow-covered and the source of many rivers; the Himachal (Lesser Himalaya), with beautiful valleys like Kashmir, Kangra, and Kullu; and the Shiwaliks (Outer Himalaya), made of unconsolidated sediments. The Himalayas act as a climatic barrier, blocking cold winds from Central Asia and forcing the monsoon winds to bring rainfall to India. They also provide forests, biodiversity, tourism sites, and act as a natural defense wall for the country.
Q1. Name the three parallel ranges of the Himalayas.
Answer: The three parallel ranges of the Himalayas are the Himadri (Greater Himalaya), Himachal (Lesser Himalaya), and the Shiwaliks (Outer Himalaya).
Q2. Why are the Himalayas called a climatic barrier?
Answer: The Himalayas block the cold winds from Central Asia, preventing India from becoming a cold desert. They also obstruct the southwest monsoon winds, forcing them to shed their moisture as rainfall. This makes India’s climate more suitable for agriculture and human settlement.
Q3. How do the Himalayas contribute to India’s rivers?
Answer: The Himalayas are the source of perennial rivers like the Ganga, Indus, and Brahmaputra. The glaciers provide year-round water supply, making these rivers vital for irrigation, agriculture, hydroelectricity, and transportation.
Q4. Mention two economic benefits of the Himalayas.
Answer: The Himalayas provide timber, medicinal plants, and forest products, which support livelihood. They also attract tourists with scenic beauty, hill stations, and adventure sports, boosting the economy.
Case Study 2: The Northern Plains
The Northern Plains of India have been formed by the alluvial deposits of the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra river systems. They extend over an area of about 7 lakh sq. km and are one of the most fertile and densely populated regions of the world. The plains are divided into three sections: the Bhabar, a narrow belt of pebbles; the Terai, a wet marshy region with dense forests; and the Alluvial Plains, consisting of Bangar (old alluvium) and Khadar (new alluvium). The fertile soil, flat surface, and adequate water supply make this region agriculturally rich, often called the “Food Bowl of India.”
Q1. Which rivers are responsible for the formation of the Northern Plains?
Answer: The Northern Plains are formed by the deposition of sediments brought by the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra rivers along with their tributaries.
Q2. What are Bangar and Khadar soils?
Answer: Bangar is old alluvium found at higher levels, less fertile and often containing calcareous deposits. Khadar is new alluvium found in low-lying areas near rivers, which is very fertile and ideal for cultivation.
Q3. Why are the Northern Plains called the “Food Bowl of India”?
Answer: The Northern Plains have fertile alluvial soil, perennial rivers for irrigation, and a favorable climate, making them highly productive for crops like rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Their agricultural surplus ensures food security for the nation.
Q4. How do the Northern Plains support dense human settlement?
Answer: The flat land supports construction of roads and railways, while fertile soil supports agriculture. Rivers provide irrigation, water supply, and transport. These factors encourage dense population and urban development.
Case Study 3: The Peninsular Plateau
The Peninsular Plateau is the oldest landmass of India, formed from the Gondwana land. It is made up of igneous and metamorphic rocks and is divided into two broad divisions: the Central Highlands (covering Malwa Plateau, Bundelkhand, Chotanagpur Plateau) and the Deccan Plateau (triangular landmass tilting towards the east). The plateau is rich in minerals like coal, iron ore, mica, and bauxite, making it the mineral heartland of India. Rivers like the Narmada, Tapi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri drain this plateau, providing irrigation and hydroelectric power. The plateau is also agriculturally important due to black soil, which supports cotton farming.
Q1. Name the two broad divisions of the Peninsular Plateau.
Answer: The two broad divisions are the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau.
Q2. Why is the Chotanagpur Plateau known as the “mineral heartland of India”?
Answer: The Chotanagpur Plateau has rich deposits of coal, iron ore, mica, and bauxite. These minerals support industries like steel, mining, power generation, and engineering, making it the backbone of India’s industrial economy.
Q3. Which rivers drain the plateau?
Answer: Important rivers draining the plateau are the Narmada, Tapi, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri. These rivers flow east or west and are important for irrigation and hydroelectricity.
Q4. Mention two economic activities supported by the plateau.
Answer: The plateau supports mining and mineral-based industries due to its rich resources. It also supports agriculture like cotton cultivation in the black soil region and forestry in the hilly areas.
Case Study 4: The Indian Desert
The Indian Desert, also known as the Thar Desert, lies in the western part of Rajasthan. It is characterized by arid climate, scanty rainfall (less than 150 mm annually), extreme temperatures, and sandy soil. Vegetation is scarce, mostly cactus and thorny bushes. Despite its harsh climate, human intervention like the Indira Gandhi Canal has made agriculture possible in some regions. Today, wheat, mustard, and cotton are cultivated in irrigated areas. The desert also holds potential for solar and wind energy. Cities like Jaisalmer and Bikaner attract tourists due to forts, palaces, and camel safaris, adding to its economic importance.
Q1. Name two important features of the Indian Desert.
Answer: The Indian Desert has sandy soil and receives very little rainfall, making it arid and sparsely vegetated.
Q2. How has the Indira Gandhi Canal changed the desert’s economy?
Answer: The Indira Gandhi Canal provides irrigation, allowing crops like wheat, mustard, and cotton to be grown, improving agricultural productivity and the local economy.
Q3. Mention two economic activities possible in the Indian Desert.
Answer: Solar and wind energy production, and tourism in Jaisalmer and Bikaner are two major economic activities.
Q4. Why is vegetation scarce in the Indian Desert?
Answer: Vegetation is scarce because of sandy soil, high evaporation, and low rainfall, which make it difficult for plants to survive.
Case Study 5: The Coastal Plains
India’s coastal plains stretch along the Arabian Sea in the west and the Bay of Bengal in the east. The Western Coastal Plains are narrow and divided into Konkan, Kannad, and Malabar coasts. The Eastern Coastal Plains are broader and divided into the Northern Circar and Coromandel coasts. The eastern plains are known for large deltas of the Godavari, Krishna, Mahanadi, and Kaveri rivers, while the western plains have lagoons and backwaters (Kerala). These plains are agriculturally fertile, supporting rice, coconut, and cashew farming. Fishing, aquaculture, international trade through ports (Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata), and tourism also add to their economic importance.
Q1. What are the two divisions of India’s coastal plains?
Answer: The two divisions are the Western Coastal Plains and the Eastern Coastal Plains.
Q2. Which rivers form deltas on the Eastern Coastal Plains?
Answer: The rivers Godavari, Krishna, Mahanadi, and Kaveri form large deltas on the Eastern Coastal Plains.
Q3. Mention two differences between Western and Eastern Coastal Plains.
Answer: The Western Coastal Plains are narrow and have lagoons, while the Eastern Coastal Plains are broad and have fertile deltas.
Q4. How do coastal plains contribute to India’s economy?
Answer: They support agriculture, fishing, trade through ports, and tourism, making them economically significant.
Case Study 6: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located in the Bay of Bengal and consist of around 572 islands. They are volcanic in origin, with dense forests and rich biodiversity. The islands have great strategic importance as they lie close to Southeast Asia and control sea routes. They also host India’s only active volcano, Barren Island. Economically, the islands support fishing, coconut farming, and eco-tourism. Their forests provide timber and medicinal plants. The scenic beauty, beaches, and coral reefs attract tourists, contributing to income. These islands are also crucial for India’s defense and security in the Indian Ocean.
Q1. How many islands are there in the Andaman and Nicobar group?
Answer: There are about 572 islands in the Andaman and Nicobar group.
Q2. What is the significance of Barren Island?
Answer: Barren Island has India’s only active volcano, highlighting the volcanic origin of these islands.
Q3. Mention two economic activities in these islands.
Answer: Fishing and coconut farming are major economic activities, along with tourism.
Q4. Why are these islands strategically important for India?
Answer: Their location near Southeast Asia and sea routes makes them vital for India’s naval and defense security.
Case Study 7: The Lakshadweep Islands
The Lakshadweep Islands are located in the Arabian Sea and consist of 36 small islands. They are coral islands, formed from atolls, reefs, and lagoons. They have a warm tropical climate and are known for coconut cultivation, coir industry, and fishing. The islands also attract tourists due to their coral reefs, lagoons, and scenic beaches. Economically, they support aquaculture and have great potential for renewable energy. Strategically, they are important for monitoring India’s western sea border and ensuring maritime security.
Q1. What is the origin of the Lakshadweep Islands?
Answer: The Lakshadweep Islands are coral islands formed from atolls, reefs, and lagoons.
Q2. Name two main economic activities of Lakshadweep.
Answer: Fishing and coconut-based coir industry are the main economic activities.
Q3. Why are the Lakshadweep Islands important for tourism?
Answer: They have coral reefs, lagoons, and scenic beaches, which attract eco-tourists.
Q4. Mention the strategic importance of these islands.
Answer: They help India guard its western coastline and strengthen maritime security in the Arabian Sea.
Case Study 8: The Chotanagpur Plateau
The Chotanagpur Plateau, located in Jharkhand and parts of Odisha, West Bengal, and Chhattisgarh, is rich in minerals like coal, iron ore, mica, and bauxite. It is known as the “mineral heartland of India.” This mineral wealth has supported the growth of industries such as steel, thermal power, and engineering. Cities like Jamshedpur, Bokaro, and Ranchi have developed as industrial hubs. The plateau is drained by rivers like Damodar, Subarnarekha, and Mahanadi, which provide water and hydroelectric power. The forests of the plateau also provide timber, lac, and medicinal plants.
Q1. Why is the Chotanagpur Plateau called the “mineral heartland of India”?
Answer: Because it has abundant deposits of coal, iron ore, mica, and bauxite, which support India’s major industries.
Q2. Name two important industrial cities located in this plateau.
Answer: Jamshedpur and Bokaro are important industrial cities.
Q3. Which rivers drain the Chotanagpur Plateau?
Answer: The Damodar, Subarnarekha, and Mahanadi rivers drain this plateau.
Q4. Mention two natural resources other than minerals found here.
Answer: Forests provide timber, lac, and medicinal plants in this region.
Case Study 9: The Western and Eastern Ghats
The Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats are two major mountain ranges of the Peninsular Plateau. The Western Ghats are continuous and higher, running parallel to the Arabian Sea, while the Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and cut by rivers flowing into the Bay of Bengal. The Western Ghats receive heavy rainfall due to the monsoon, supporting evergreen forests and plantations like coffee, tea, and spices. The Eastern Ghats have fertile river valleys and deltas, supporting rice cultivation. Both ranges are biodiversity hotspots and provide hydroelectricity, forests, and minerals.
Q1. Differentiate between Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats.
Answer: The Western Ghats are higher and continuous, while the Eastern Ghats are lower and discontinuous.
Q2. Which crops are supported by the Western Ghats?
Answer: Coffee, tea, and spices are grown in the Western Ghats.
Q3. Name two rivers that cut through the Eastern Ghats.
Answer: The Godavari and Krishna rivers cut through the Eastern Ghats.
Q4. Why are these Ghats important for biodiversity?
Answer: They have dense forests, varied wildlife, and are recognized as biodiversity hotspots.
Case Study 10: Diversity of Physical Features in India
India is often described as a land of diversity, and this is reflected in its physical features. The Himalayas form lofty snow-covered mountains in the north, while the Northern Plains are fertile and densely populated. The Peninsular Plateau is old, mineral-rich, and a storehouse of resources. The Thar Desert represents arid conditions, while the coastal plains support agriculture and trade. The islands of Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep add to India’s natural and strategic wealth. Each physical feature plays a vital role in shaping India’s climate, economy, and culture.
Q1. Why is India called a land of diverse physical features?
Answer: Because it has mountains, plains, plateaus, deserts, coastal plains, and islands, each with unique characteristics.
Q2. How do the Himalayas and Northern Plains differ in physical features?
Answer: The Himalayas are young fold mountains, while the Northern Plains are low-lying fertile alluvial plains.
Q3. Mention two ways in which coastal plains help India’s economy.
Answer: They support agriculture, fishing, trade, and tourism.
Q4. How do India’s islands add to its strategic and ecological importance?
Answer: The islands guard sea routes, provide biodiversity, and support tourism and fisheries.