🌍 Chapter 5: Industries

1. Introduction

• Human beings use resources (natural + human) to produce goods and services.
• When raw materials are processed and turned into more valuable products, it is called industry.
• Example:
  • Cotton → spun into yarn → woven into cloth → stitched into garments.
  • Iron ore → processed into steel → used for construction/machinery.

📌 Definition: Industry refers to economic activities concerned with the production of goods, extraction of minerals, or the provision of services.

2. Types of Industries

Industries can be classified on several bases:

(A) On the Basis of Raw Materials

1. Agro-based Industries
   • Use raw materials from agriculture.
   • Examples: Cotton textiles, jute industry, sugar industry, edible oil.
   • Found near raw material sources (farms).
2. Mineral-based Industries
   • Use minerals as raw material.
   • Examples: Iron and steel, aluminium smelting, cement.
   • Basis of heavy industries.
3. Forest-based Industries
   • Raw material from forests.
   • Examples: Paper, furniture, plywood, pharmaceuticals.
4. Animal-based Industries
   • Raw material from animals.
   • Examples: Dairy, leather, woollen textiles.

(B) On the Basis of Size

1. Small-scale Industries (SSI)
   • Use less capital and technology.
   • Labour-intensive.
   • Examples: Handicrafts, weaving, food processing.
2. Large-scale Industries
   • Require huge capital, advanced technology, large workforce.
   • Produce on a mass scale.
   • Examples: Iron and steel plants, automobile manufacturing, petrochemicals.

(C) On the Basis of Ownership

1. Private Sector Industries
   • Owned and managed by individuals/companies.
   • Example: TISCO (Tata Iron & Steel), Reliance, Infosys.
2. Public Sector Industries
   • Owned and managed by government.
   • Example: SAIL (Steel Authority of India Ltd.), HAL.
3. Joint Sector Industries
   • Owned jointly by government and private companies.
   • Example: Oil India Limited.
4. Co-operative Sector Industries
   • Owned and run by producers or suppliers themselves.
   • Example: Amul (dairy), sugar cooperatives in Maharashtra.

(D) On the Basis of Product

1. Basic Industries → Supply raw material to other industries (Iron & Steel).
2. Consumer Industries → Produce goods for direct use (Textiles, food).
3. Capital Goods Industries → Produce machines/tools (Machine tools industry).

3. Factors Affecting the Location of Industries

Industries are not set up randomly. Many factors influence location:

1. Raw Materials
   • Availability of raw material reduces transport cost.
   • Example: Iron & steel near iron ore mines.
2. Power Supply
   • Industries require energy (coal, electricity, oil, natural gas).
   • Example: Aluminium industry near hydroelectric plants.
3. Labour
   • Both skilled and unskilled labour are essential.
   • Example: IT hubs near skilled manpower (Bengaluru, Silicon Valley).
4. Capital
   • Money is needed for machines, infrastructure, wages.
   • Example: Mumbai, Ahmedabad – attracted industries due to banking/finance.
5. Transport
   • Good transport helps bring raw materials and deliver goods.
   • Railways, ports, highways important.
6. Market
   • Industries need customers.
   • Example: Textile industries near big cities.
7. Government Policies
   • Subsidies, tax benefits, SEZs (Special Economic Zones).
8. Climate
   • Some industries need specific climates.
   • Example: Cotton textile industry in humid climate (Mumbai, Ahmedabad).

📌 Conclusion: Industrial location is a result of multi-factor decision making.

4. Industrial System

An industry is like a system with 3 main inputs, processes, and outputs.

1. Inputs:
   • Raw material, labour, capital, power, infrastructure.
2. Processes:
   • Activities to convert raw material to finished product.
   • Example: Smelting, weaving, assembling.
3. Outputs:
   • Final product + by-products + waste.

5. Industrial Regions

Industries are often concentrated in specific areas.

(A) World Industrial Regions

1. Eastern North America
2. Western & Central Europe
3. Eastern Europe & Russia
4. Eastern Asia (Japan, China, Korea)

📌 These regions are well-connected, have skilled labour, transport facilities, and markets.

(B) Major Industrial Regions of India

1. Mumbai-Pune Region → Cotton textiles, chemicals, IT.
2. Hugli Region (Kolkata) → Jute, engineering, chemicals.
3. Bangalore-Tamil Nadu Region → IT, silk, automobiles.
4. Chhotanagpur Plateau Region → Iron & steel, coal-based industries.
5. Delhi-Meerut Region → Electronics, engineering, consumer goods.

6. Case Studies of Major Industries

NCERT provides three major examples:

(A) Iron and Steel Industry

• Backbone of modern industry (called basic industry).
• Provides raw material for construction, machinery, transport.

Inputs Required:

• Iron ore, coal, limestone.
• Labour, capital, power, transport.

World Distribution:

• Germany, USA, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea.

In India:

• First plant: TISCO (Jamshedpur, 1907).
• Other centres: Bhilai, Durgapur, Bokaro, Rourkela, Salem, Vishakhapatnam.
• India is one of the largest producers of crude steel.

(B) Cotton Textile Industry

• Oldest industry in India.
• Uses cotton as raw material (agro-based).

Centres:

• India → Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Coimbatore, Surat, Kanpur.
• World → Osaka (Japan), Shanghai (China), Manchester (UK).

Reason for Location:

• Humid climate, cheap labour, large market, raw cotton.

Problem: Competition with synthetic fibres (nylon, polyester).

(C) Information Technology (IT) Industry

• Knowledge-based, uses technology + skilled labour.
• Provides services (software, networking, IT solutions).

World Centres: Silicon Valley (USA), Bangalore (India).

Why Bangalore is called “Silicon Valley of India”?

• Availability of skilled engineers, research centres, pleasant climate, government support, IT parks.

Contribution:

• Provides employment, boosts exports, rapid economic growth.

7. Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation

Industries provide prosperity but also cause harm.

(A) Types of Industrial Pollution

1. Air Pollution → From smoke, toxic gases.
2. Water Pollution → Chemicals, dyes, oils discharged into rivers.
3. Land Pollution → Dumping of solid wastes.
4. Noise Pollution → Machines, transport, construction.

(B) Consequences

• Global warming.
• Health hazards.
• Acid rain.
• Reduced soil fertility.
• Waterborne diseases.

8. Control of Industrial Pollution

1. Treating wastes before release.
2. Recycling & reusing industrial effluents.
3. Use of cleaner fuels (CNG, LPG).
4. Afforestation and green belts.
5. Strict laws against polluting industries.
6. Shift to renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro).

📌 Sustainable development is the key: Industries must grow without harming environment.

9. Key Takeaways

• Industry is transformation of raw materials into valuable products.
• Classified by raw material, size, ownership, product.
• Location depends on raw materials, power, labour, transport, capital, market.
• Iron & Steel → Basic industry;
• Cotton textiles → Oldest industry;
• IT → Emerging knowledge-based industry.
• Industries also cause pollution, need eco-friendly methods.